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CRUD

CRUD. Petroleum fuel - Crude oil reservoirs.

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CRUD

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  1. CRUD https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  2. Petroleum fuel - Crude oil reservoirs • Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, a porous and permeability (fluid)|permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in, and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  3. Petroleum fuel - Crude oil reservoirs • The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and Oil refinery|oil refineries. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  4. Petroleum fuel - Crude oil reservoirs • Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  5. Green crude • 'Algae fuel' or 'algal biofuel' is an alternative to fossil fuel that uses algae as its source of natural deposits https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  6. Green crude • According to the head of the Algal Biomass Organization, algae fuel can reach price parity with oil in 2018 if granted production tax credits https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  7. Green crude - Factors • Dry mass factor is the percentage of dry biomass in relation to the fresh biomass; e.g. if the dry mass factor is 5%, one would need of wet algae (algae in the media) to get of dry algae cells.[http://ejeafche.uvigo.es/index.php?option=com_docmantask=doc_viewgid=533 Partial mass balance agriculture]. None. Retrieved 15 April 2012. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  8. Green crude - Factors • Lipid content is the percentage of oil in relation to the dry biomass needed to get it; e.g https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  9. Green crude - Factors • Algae requires nutrients, sunlight water to grow, algae thrive on saline, brackish and waste waters https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  10. Green crude - Fuels • The lipid, or oily part of the algae biomass can then be extracted and converted into biodiesel through a process similar to that used for any other vegetable oil, or converted in a refinery into drop-in replacements for petroleum-based fuels. The algae's carbohydrate content can be fermented into bioethanol and biobutanol. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  11. Green crude - Biodiesel • Aquatic Species Program|The U.S https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  12. Green crude - Biodiesel • As they do not have to produce structural compounds such as cellulose for leaves, stems, or roots, and because they can be grown floating in a rich nutritional medium, microalgae can have faster growth rates than terrestrial crops https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  13. Green crude - Biodiesel • Studies show that some species of algae can produce up to 60% of their dry weight in the form of oil https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  14. Green crude - Biobutanol • Butanol can be made from algae or diatoms using only a solar powered biorefinery https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  15. Green crude - Biobutanol • The green waste left over from the algae oil extraction can be used to produce butanol. In addition, it has been shown that macroalgae (seaweeds) can be fermented by Clostridria genus bacteria to butanol and other solvents.Potts, T., J. Du, M. Paul, P. May, R. Beitle, and J. Hestekin, “The Production of Butanol from Jamaica Bay Macro Algae”, Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 31(1): 29-36, April 2012. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  16. Green crude - Biogasoline • Biogasoline is produced from biomass such as algae. Like traditionally produced gasoline, it contains between 6 (hexane) and 12 (dodecane) carbon atoms per molecule and can be used in internal-combustion engines. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  17. Green crude - Methane • Methane, the main constituent of natural gas can be produced from algae in various methods, namely Gasification, Pyrolysis and Anaerobic Digestion https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  18. Green crude - Ethanol • The Algenol system which is being commercialized by BioFields (Renewable and Sustainable Energy)|BioFields in Puerto Libertad (Sonora)|Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Mexico utilizes seawater and industrial exhaust to produce ethanol. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  19. Green crude - Vegetable oil fuel • Algal-oils could potentially be used as vegetable oil fuel. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  20. Green crude - Hydrocracking to traditional transport fuels • Algae can be used to produce 'Vegetable oil refining|green diesel' (also known as renewable diesel, hydro-treated vegetable oil or hydrogen-derived renewable diesel) through a hydrocracking refinery process that breaks molecules down into shorter hydrocarbon chains used in diesel fuel|diesel engines https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  21. Green crude - Jet fuel • Rising jet fuel prices are putting severe pressure on airline companies,[http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Business/Story/A1Story20080708-75407.html More airlines fold as fuel prices soar: IATA] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  22. Green crude - Jet fuel • Trials have been carried with aviation biofuel by Air New Zealand, Lufthansa, and Virgin Atlantic Airways|Virgin Airlines. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  23. Green crude - Jet fuel • In February 2010, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced that the U.S https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  24. Green crude - Species • Research into algae for the mass-production of oil focuses mainly on microalgae (organisms capable of photosynthesis that are less than 0.4mm in diameter, including the diatoms and cyanobacteria) as opposed to macroalgae, such as seaweed https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  25. Green crude - Species • [http://www.amazon.com/dp/3639153073 Seaweed Biofuels: Production of Biogas and Bioethanol from Brown Macroalgae]. Amazon.com. Retrieved 15 April 2012. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  26. Green crude - Species • researchers across various locations worldwide have started investigating the following species for their suitability as a mass oil-producers:[http://www.algaefuels.org/algae_FAQ.htm Algae FAQ][http://www.unapcaem.org/publication/bioenergy.pdf Bioenergy][http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/03/carbon-seq/PDFs/158.pdf Selection of Optimal Microalgae Species for CO2 Sequestration] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  27. Green crude - Species • * Dunaliella tertiolecta https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  28. Green crude - Species • * Pleurochrysis carterae (also called CCMP647). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  29. Green crude - Species • [http://www.ecogenicsresearchcenter.org/prod02.htm Ecogenics Product 2]. Ecogenicsresearchcenter.org. Retrieved 15 April 2012. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  30. Green crude - Species • * Sargassum, with 10 times the output volume of Gracilaria. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  31. Green crude - Species • The amount of oil each strain of algae produces varies widely. Note the following microalgae and their various oil yields: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  32. Green crude - Species • *Ankistrodesmus TR-87: 28–40% dw https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  33. Green crude - Species • *Chlorella protothecoides(autotrophic/ heterothrophic): 15–55% dw https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  34. Green crude - Species • *Dunaliella tertiolecta : 36–42%dw https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  35. Green crude - Species • *Phaeodactylum tricornutum: 31%dw https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  36. Green crude - Species • *Thalassiosira pseudonana: (21–31)%dw https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  37. Green crude - Species • *Neochloris oleoabundans: 35–54%dw https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  38. Green crude - Species • In addition, due to its high growth-rate, Sea lettuce|Ulva https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  39. Green crude - Species • [http://www.pennenergy.com/index/power/renewable-generation/display/articles/pennenergy/ugc/renewable/seaweed-ulva-photosynthesis-and-zero-emissions-power-generation.html Seaweed Ulva Photosynthesis and Zero Emissions Power Generation]. Pennenergy.com. Retrieved 15 April 2012. has been investigated as a fuel for use in the SOFT cycle, (SOFT stands for Solar Oxygen Fuel Turbine), a closed-cycle power-generation system suitable for use in arid, subtropical regions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  40. Green crude - Algae cultivation • Algae can produce up to 300 times more oil per unit area than conventional crops such as rapeseed, palms, soybeans, or jatropha. As algae have a harvesting cycle of 1–10 days, their cultivation permits several harvests in a very short time-frame, a strategy differing from that associated with yearly crops (Chisti 2007). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  41. Green crude - Algae cultivation • Algae can grow on land unsuitable for other established crops, for instance: arid land, land with excessively saline soil, and drought-stricken land. This minimizes the issue of taking away pieces of land from the cultivation of food crops (Schenk et al. 2008). Algae can grow 20 to 30 times faster than food crops. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  42. Green crude - Photobioreactors • Most companies pursuing algae as a source of biofuels pump nutrient-rich water through plastic or borosilicate glass tubes (called bioreactors ) that are exposed to sunlight (and so-called photobioreactors or PBR). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  43. Green crude - Photobioreactors • Running a PBR is more difficult than using an open pond, and more costly, but may provide a higher level of control and productivity. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  44. Green crude - Photobioreactors • Algae farms can also operate on marginal lands, such as in desert areas where the groundwater is saline, rather than utilizing fresh water. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  45. Green crude - Photobioreactors • Because algae strains with lower lipid content may grow as much as 30 times faster than those with high lipid content,Becker EW et al (1994). Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology. NY: Cambridge University Press, p.178 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  46. Green crude - Photobioreactors • the challenges in efficient biodiesel production from algae lie in finding an algal strain with a combination of high lipid-content and fast growth-rate, not too difficult to harvest; and with a cost-effective cultivation system (i.e., type of photobioreactor) best suited to that strain. There is also a need to provide concentrated to increase the rate of production. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  47. Green crude - Closed-loop system • The lack of equipment and structures needed to begin growing algae in large quantities has inhibited widespread mass-production of algae for biofuel production. Maximum use of existing agriculture processes and hardware is the goal. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  48. Green crude - Closed-loop system • organisms blown in by the air. The problem for a closed system is finding a cheap source of sterile . https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  49. Green crude - Closed-loop system • Several experimenters have found the from a smokestack works well for growing algae. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

  50. Green crude - Closed-loop system • For reasons of economy, some experts think that algae farming for biofuels will have to be done as part of cogeneration, where it can make use of waste heat and help soak up pollution. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

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