著者：范守义、郭立秋、贾令仪 2011 年 6-9 月

1. 《英汉语篇翻译教程》 著者：范守义、郭立秋、贾令仪 2011年6-9月

2. 译文讲评：Text A (PPT v 2.0) Text A: COLLEGES OPEN MINORITY AID TO ALL COMERS Passage 8:

3. 背景介绍： • affirmative action In the United States, affirmative action refers to equal opportunity employment measures that Federal contractors and subcontractors are legally required to adopt. These measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment, on the basis of "color, religion, sex, or national origin". Examples of affirmative action offered by the United States Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs. The impetus towards affirmative action is to redress the disadvantages associated with overt, institutional, or involuntary discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve. Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticised as a form of "reverse discrimination".

4. 这个网址对于研究Affirmative Action很有帮助。

5. National NOW Times >> August 1995 >> Article The Origins of Affirmative Action by Marquita Sykes • Affirmative action, the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, is under attack. • Originally, civil rights programs were enacted to help African Americans become full citizens of the United States. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution made slavery illegal; the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law; the Fifteenth Amendment forbids racial discrimination in access to voting. The 1866 Civil Rights Act guarantees every citizen "the same right to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens ... " • In 1896, the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson upheld a "separate, but equal" doctrine that proved to be anything but equal for African Americans. The decision marked the end of the post-Civil War reconstruction era as Jim Crow laws spread across the South.

6. In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 which outlawed segregationist hiring policies by defense-related industries which held federal contracts. Roosevelt’s signing of this order was a direct result of efforts by Black trade union leader, A. Philip Randolph. • During 1953 President Harry S. Truman’s Committee on Government Contract Compliance urged the Bureau of Employment Security “to act positively and affirmatively to implement the policy of nondiscrimination . . . .” • The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. • The actual phrase “affirmative action” was first used in President John F. Kennedy's 1961 Executive Order 10925 which requires federal contractors to “take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.” The same language was later used in Lyndon Johnson's 1965 Executive Order 11246.

7. In 1967, Johnson expanded the Executive Order to include affirmative action requirements to benefit women. • Other equal protection laws passed to make discrimination illegal were the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title II and VII of which forbid racial discrimination in “public accommodations” and race and sex discrimination in employment, respectively; and the 1965 Voting Rights Act adopted after Congress found “that racial discrimination in voting was an insidious and pervasive evil which had been perpetuated in certain parts of the country through unremitting and ingenious defiance of the Constitution.” • Much of the opposition to affirmative action is framed on the grounds of so-called “reverse discrimination and unwarranted preferences.” In fact, less than 2 percent of the 91,000 employment discrimination cases pending before the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission are reverse discrimination cases. Under the law as written in Executive Orders and interpreted by the courts, anyone benefiting from affirmative action must have relevant and valid job or educational qualifications.

8. Affirmative Action是肯尼迪时代提出的贯彻在美国企事业、科研、教育、医疗等各个领域消除在种族、性别等方面的歧视现象，要求有关部门要采取affirmative action。这个名词被翻译成多种版本，如“平权运动”，“肯定性行动”，“扶持行动”等。其实，就是要落实政府已经提出的在各个领域实行平等权利政策的号召，即“落实行动”的政策。

9. 第1段 • 其中colleges and universities同时出现，应该怎样翻译呢？比较一下三组定义： Facing threats of litigation and pressure from Washington, colleges and universities nationwide are opening to white students hundreds of thousands of dollars in fellowships, scholarships and other programs previously created for minorities.

10. Definition of University • An institution organized and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning.

11. Definition of College • A collection, body, or society of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having common duties and interests, and sometimes, by charter, peculiar rights and privileges; as, a college of heralds; a college of electors; a college of bishops. • A society of scholars or friends of learning, incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge; as, the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and many American colleges. • A building or number of buildings, used by a college

12. Wiki: Definition of College • A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars." • A college (Latin: collegium) is an educational institution or a constituent part of an educational institution. Usage varies in English-speaking nations. A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution, an institution within a federal university, an institution offering vocational education, or a secondary school. • In the United States and Ireland, “college” and “university” are loosely interchangeable, whereas in the United Kingdom, Australia and other Commonwealth countries, “college” may refer to a high school, a training institution that bestows trade qualifications, or a constituent school within a university.

13. u•ni•ver•si•ty • n. pl. u•ni•ver•si•ties 1. An institution for higher learning with teaching and research facilities constituting a graduate school and professional schools that award master’s degrees and doctorates and an undergraduate division that awards bachelor’s degrees. 2. The buildings and grounds of such an institution. 3. The body of students and faculty of such an institution.

14. col•lege n. 1. a. An institution of higher learning that grants the bachelor’s degree in liberal arts or science or both. b. An undergraduate division or school of a university offering courses and granting degrees in a particular field. c. A school, sometimes but not always a university, offering special instruction in professional or technical subjects. d. The students, faculty, and administration of such a school or institution. e. The building or buildings occupied by such a school or institution. f. Chiefly British A self-governing society of scholars for study or instruction, incorporated within a university. g. An institution in France for secondary education that is not supported by the state.

15. col•lege 2. a. A body of persons having a common purpose or shared duties: a college of surgeons. b. An electoral college. 3. A body of clerics living together on an endowment. 其中colleges and universities这组概念合起来表示“高等院校”的概念，也可以理解为“大专院校”。

16. 第1段 • fellowships, scholarships 的定义分别是 • fellowship - money granted (by a university or foundation or other agency) for advanced study or research助学金 • scholarship - financial aid provided to a student on the basis of academic merit奖学金

17. 第2段 • 下面的维基百科定义可以解释这个概念的含义： • A consent decree (also referred to as a consent order) is a judicial decree expressing a voluntary agreement between parties to a suit, especially an agreement by a defendant to cease activities alleged by the government to be illegal in return for an end to the charges. Consent decrees are used most commonly in criminal law and family law, and sometimes in United States antitrust law. Southern Illinois University reached a consent decree last month with the Justice Department。

18. A consent decree can be either interlocutory or final. The former is given on some plea or issue arising in the cause which does not decide the main question; the latter settles the matter in dispute, and a final decree has the same effect as a judgment at law. • Once entered, a consent decree is binding on the consenting parties and cannot be reviewed except on a showing that the consent was obtained by fraud or that the decree was based on mutual error or a failure of consent.

19. 第3段第1句 • el·i·gi·bleadj. 1. Qualified or entitled to be chosen: eligible to run for office; eligible for retirement. 2. Desirable and worthy of choice, especially for marriage: an eligible bachelor. 3. Football Allowed under the rules to catch a forward pass: an eligible receiver. 注意：中国学生往往会使用qualified for这个表达方式。两者之间的区别是：“Qualified” implies earned criteria, whereas “eligible” implies you’ve had the criteria. … the State University of New York made white students eligible for $6.8 million of aid in two scholarship programs

20. 第4段第1句 • 其中legal exposure的意思就是exposure to the risk of having judgment rendered against them in a court of law. It means liability exposure (civil and/or criminal)，即法律风险之义。 “They’re all trying to minimize their legal exposure,” Susan Sturm, a law professor at Columbia University, said about colleges and universities.

21. 第5段第1句 • 根据密执安大学的新闻服务网站报道： • ANN ARBOR, Mich.—In a major victory for U-M announced June 23, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the right of universities to consider race in admissions procedures in order to achieve a diverse student body.In two lawsuits challenging University of Michigan admissions policies, the court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Law School and, by a vote of 6-3, reversed, in part, the University’s undergraduate policy, while still allowing for the consideration of race in admissions. U-M President Mary Sue Coleman responded to news of the court’s decision: “This is a tremendous victory for the University of Michigan, for all of higher education, and for the hundreds of groups and individuals who supported us,” Coleman said. “A majority of the court has firmly endorsed the principle of diversity articulated by Justice Powell in the Bakke decision. This is a resounding affirmation that will be heard across the land—from our college classrooms to our corporate boardrooms. The institutions are reacting to two 2003 Supreme Court cases on using race in admissions at the University of Michigan.

22. 更多内容参见，http://www.ns.umich.edu/index.html? Releases /2003 /Jun03/supremecourt2

23. 第7段 • 其中pool of money的意思就是学校所获得的各种名目的基金，用于奖学金和助学金。 … and how far the pool of money for scholarships and similar programs will stretch，

24. pooln. 1. a. A game of chance, resembling a lottery, in which the contestants put staked money into a common fund that is later paid to the winner. b. A fund containing all the money bet in a game of chance or on the outcome of an event. 2. A grouping of resources for the common advantage of the participants: a pool of implements for the use of all the workers on the estate; forming a pool of our talents. 3. An available supply, the use of which is shared by a group. 4. A group of journalists who cover an event and then by agreement share their reports with participating news media: the White House press pool.

25. pool 5. a. A mutual fund established by a group of stockholders for speculating in or manipulating prices of securities. b. The persons or parties participating in such a fund. 6. An agreement between competing business concerns to establish controls over production, market, and prices for common profit. 7. Any of several games played on a six-pocket billiards table usually with 15 object balls and a cue ball. Also called pocket billiards. v. pooled, pool·ing, pools v.tr. To put into a fund for use by all: Let’s pool our resources to finish the project quickly. v.intr. To join or form a pool.

26. 第8段第1句 • 很明显trumpet是比喻的用法，大肆宣传之义。 • trumpet n. 1. trumpet - a brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone; has a narrow tube and a flared bell and is played by means of valves cornet, trump, horn brass instrument, brass - a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of variable length) that is blown by means of a cup-shaped or funnel-shaped mouthpiece serpent - an obsolete bass cornet; resembles a snake … because colleges and institutions are not eager to trumpet the changes，

27. trumpet v. 1. trumpet - proclaim on, or as if on, a trumpet; "Liberals like to trumpet their opposition to the death penalty" promulgate, exclaim, proclaim - state or announce; "`I am not a Communist,' he exclaimed"; "The King will proclaim an amnesty" 2. trumpet - play or blow on the trumpet music - musical activity (singing or whistling etc.); "his music was his central interest" play - perform music on (a musical instrument); "He plays the flute"; "Can you play on this old recorder?“ 3. trumpet - utter in trumpet-like sounds; "Elephants are trumpeting" let loose, let out, utter, emit - express audibly; utter sounds (not necessarily words); "She let out a big heavy sigh"; "He uttered strange sounds that nobody could understand"

28. 第8段第2句 • 系指申请者的总数。 • 参见第7段的定义。 … as they expand the possible pool of applicants

29. 第9段第1句 • 网友是这样解释斜体部分的用法：It is a typical use of the present progressive. It is a process that is taking place right now. And yes, when they say white students “qualify”, it means they meet the requirements of the scholarship (i.e. they are eligible). Some white students are qualifying for the aid.

30. 第9段第2句 • 其中a legal threat 系指2005年、2006年与affirmative action相关的法律诉讼威胁, 详细情况可以参见Impact of Grutter/Gatz on Affirmative Action Programs, PDF文件（www.usctrojandebate.com/affaction_Hall.pdf） Last year, in response to a legal threatfrom the Education Department，

32. 第10段 • 参见前面一张幻灯片中提到的PDF文件。 Officials at conservative groups that are pushing for the changes see the shift as a sign of success in eliminating race as a factor in decision making in higher education.

33. 第12段第1句 • 这句话系指招生的民族构成，不是以招收某一特定民族为目的和最终结果。 “We’re not looking at achieving a particular racial outcome,” Mr. Clegg added.

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