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Europeans in the history of the world

Europeans in the history of the world. The place of Europe in populating the earth. History of Migratory Movements in Europe. Peopling North America: Population Movements & Migration

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Europeans in the history of the world

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  1. Europeans in the history of the world The place of Europe in populating the earth

  2. History of MigratoryMovements in Europe Peopling North America: Population Movements & Migration European migration across the Atlantic, beginning in the late fifteenth century, was not an anomaly within the European framework. For centuries prior to their arrival in the New World, Europeans had participated in extensive migrations throughout their continent and Asia. They were a mobile people, accustomed to the concepts of movement and migration. In many ways, the initial arrival in the New World by the Europeans and the advent of trans-Atlantic migration served to extend the migratory patterns that were already present in European society. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/migrations/F2.html

  3. The place of Europe in populating the Earth • Introduction • SinceAncientGreece to the mid 18th c., European population 40 -140 m (x3.5) vs. World population 230 - 650 m (x2.8) • From the 19th c. European population increasesconsiderably greatmigratoryflows of people

  4. I. Whatwas the role of Europe in populating the Earth fromAntiquity to the 19th century?

  5. A. Regular phases of demographic expansion explain the successive migrations

  6. 1st Phase 1. The colonization of the Mediterranean basin in AncientGreece and Rome

  7. a. Role of the Greeksaround the Mediterraneansea (likefrogsaround a pond) : transferring of the city elsewhere(e.g. Nice and Agde)

  8. b. Role of the Romans: conquests in the West and East and the creation of colonies (e.g; Nimes, Arles, Orange)

  9. 2nd Phase 2. End of Ancient World - 1000 A.D. new population movementsshake Europe beforeitbeginsexpandingagain in the Mediterranean

  10. a. Barbarian invasions lead to the fall of the Roman Empire

  11. b. Advances of Islam, from the 8th c. A.D. hold back Christianity

  12. 3rd Phase 3. 11th and 13th centuries: most important Europeanmovementsoccurwhendemographicgrowthreappears Crusadesand Reconquista

  13. Crusadesand Reconquista

  14. 4th Phase 4. 14th Century: Black Plagueravages Europe between 1348 and 1352 marks a break by dramaticallyslowing down the fragile growth 25 M dead – 1/3 of the population

  15. 5th Phase 5. Great discoveries of the Renaissance to the Colonization of other continents Discovery of America (15th century) colonies in NorthAmerica, Asia and Africa

  16. EuropeanColonization: severalconsequences • Setting up of colonies and slave trade • Building of Empires and civilizations (15th-19th C) • Exploitation of resources • Imposinglanguages, religion • Coherentsocietiesformprogressivelydetachthemselvesfrom the mother country

  17. Causes of Colonization • In the 19th century, the colonization of Africa and Asia has a political aspect and responds to an increasedneed for land due to the rapiddemographicgrowthsince the end of the 18th century. Video: Opportunitybeckoned in the New World

  18. B. How canweexplainthisgrowth? • For a long period, limitedgrowth • Traditionaldemocraticregimecharacterized by a highmortality rate (famine, war, epidemics) and a highbirth rate to compensate

  19. Change in 18th century: decrease in mortality rate due to agricultural technologyreducing famines and progress in hygieneand medecinewhichreduce the number of epidemics

  20. Whydid population growth in the world and particularly in Europe increasesorapidly in the 19th century? • Population Growth Since the birth rate remainshigh, demographicgrowthishigh

  21. Key term: malthus = malthusian, malthusianism Definition: demographicbehaviourwhichaims to limit population growth due to fear of scarcity of resources/wealth to beshared Malthus (English scholar) observed that sooner or later population will be checked by famine and disease. That the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, that population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase (and vice versa)

  22. Blog for HistoryGeography wilsonhginter.wikispaces.com • Click on your class on the right • Downloadpowerpointpresentations • Watch Videos • Access worksheets

  23. II. European migration in the 19th century Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century?

  24. Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century? I. Multiple Reasons for Migrating • Related to industrialization • In the 19th c, oldseasonal migrations and border crossing migrations continue • for agricultural purposes • Up to severalhundred km for harvesting • Migrations of skilledworkersincreasewithurban expansion

  25. Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century? B. Industrialization of citiesfavorsrural flight, attractinginhabitants of overpopulated rural areas • New farmmachinerydestroys employment in the countryside.

  26. Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century? • People migrate first toward large citiesthenemigratetowardanother country (seemingly the only solution possible)

  27. Europeanphenomenonwithmultifarious causes 1. Political migrations develop - after the revolutions of 1831 and 1848 - Germans, Italians and Polesseeking refuge - Various states intervene to accelerate or hinder certain migrations

  28. 2. Religious migrations due to persecution After 1880, pogroms push Jews in the Russian Empire to emigrate Def: pogrom= a violent massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews. The term, of Russian origin, originally entered the English language to describe 19th and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire; similar attacks against Jews at other times and places also became retrospectively known as pogroms.

  29. Immigration numbersreachedtheirpeak in late 1850’s

  30. Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century? 2. Europe unequallyaffected by migrations Economicmigrations whichincreasewithunemployment e.g. Irish emigrationafter Great Famine

  31. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century • Ireland: Land of Exodus 1.Product of British colonization • Colonized in 17th Century by Great Britain and annexed to United Kingdom in 1800 • Population majorityCatholic to whomisimposed protestant colonizersfromEngland and Scotland

  32. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century 2. A Poor Country which the Irish flee • Middle Ages: religious migrations of monks to evangelize the continent • Modern Era migrations for religious and military reasons (e.g. Barry Lyndon), 18th century for economic reasons • Up to 1815, around 11,000 people per year emigrated to Great Britain but also towards America • Between 1815 and 1848, 1 million Irish cross the Atlantic and 500,000 leave for Great Britain – Beginning of the “great emigration of paupers”

  33. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century 2. A Poor Country which the Irish flee (cont’d) • Irish immigrants of first half of 19th Century : proletariats doing the hardest labor (terracing, drainage, building mining galleries…) (e.g. Erie Canal in Great Lakes region) • Vast majority wind up in packed urban ghettos – their arrival is very poorly viewed by the Anglo-Saxon population (in U.S. and U.K.)

  34. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century B. The Great Irish Exodus (1845-1890) 1. Whydoesemigrationincrease? • From 1845-1854, around 2.3 M leave Ireland, more than 200,000/year for 5 yrs • PotatoBlight (foodstapleof Irish population) causes a famine whichleads to 1 million deaths and incites more than a million Irish to emigrate to the U.S. (the poorestflee to G.B.)

  35. Potato Production during the Great Famine 1844-1857

  36. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century • Emigration continues over the years, despite the depopulation of the Island

  37. Due to a series of badharvests, evictionsmultiply, generatingnumerousdepartureswhichremainsignificantuntil the 1890’s. • eviction of 300 tenants by Mrs. Gerrard from the village of Ballinglass, Co Galway, on March 13, 1846

  38. Immigrants arriving in New York Harbor

  39. Arrival in Ellis Island, NY harbor

  40. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century 2. Irish Integration in U.S. society • Theyswell the ranks of urbanproletariats and their social ascension is slow • Poorlyviewed by Anglo Saxon Protestants whorejectthem

  41. LikeItalians, the Irish are accused of threatening the basis of the American nation because of theirCatholicfaith (loyal to the Pope, Political Machines…)

  42. Populateurbanslumscalledtenementswheremisery, lawlessness and poorhygienic conditions reign

  43. Dilapidated Golden FlatsTenementslumhousing

  44. Squalid Living Conditions

  45. Cramped living quarters

  46. Gangs of New York Rioting in New York

  47. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century • Circa1870 Irish immigrants have settled in large Northerncities (New York, Boston, Chicago); • obtainsocial integrationthanks to trade union movement and political life (Democratic Party) • In 1880, New York electsits first Irish Catholicmayor • Somesuccess stories (e.g. Ford) • In 1960, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the first CatholicPresident descendant from Irish immigrants, iselected • Today15-20 million Americans have Irish origins

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