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Bananas and Plantains

Bananas and Plantains Family: Musaceae Genus: Musa Species: M. acuminata M. balbisiana Genus Musa Section Eumusa Major species of economic importance Musa acuminata (A genome) Musa balbisiana (B genome) Ploidy levels of commercial bananas Diploid, AA and BB Triploid, AAA, AAB, ABB

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Bananas and Plantains

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  1. Bananas and Plantains Family: Musaceae Genus: Musa Species: M. acuminata M. balbisiana

  2. Genus MusaSection Eumusa • Major species of economic importance • Musa acuminata (A genome) • Musa balbisiana (B genome) • Ploidy levels of commercial bananas • Diploid, AA and BB • Triploid, AAA, AAB, ABB • Tetraploid, AAAA, AABB, ABBB • Major evolutionary events • Probably millennia ago Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  3. Types of Bananas • Banana • Desert banana, fresh consumption • AAA • Plantain • Cooking, Meal, Vegetable banana • Plátano, banano macho • AAB or ABB Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  4. ABB AAB ABBB AB AAB Industry developed in Late 19th Century AAA ABB AA AABB AAAB Banana Origin and Domestication Reached Europe by 1516 Before 200 AD AA AAA AAB Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  5. Adaptation: Hot Humid Tropics • Temperature • Frost free • Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F) • Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F) • Moisture • Rain, 100 mm (4.0”) per month • Soil • Good drainage is needed • Slightly acid, pH 5.5 to 6.5 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  6. January 15.5 C isotherm 1,270 mm isohyets 1,270 mm isohyets June 15.5 C isotherm Banana Cultivation and ClimateMost Banana/Plantain Production within Region with Winter Temperate Greater than 15.5 C (60 F) and Rainfall greater than 1,270 mm (50”) (Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  7. January 15.5 C isotherm B 1,270 mm isohyets B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 1,270 mm isohyets B B B June 15.5 C isotherm (Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966) Banana Cultivation and ClimateBananas Grown for Local Consumption Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  8. January 15.5 C isotherm B 1,270 mm isohyets T B T B B B T B T T B B B B B T T B T T B T T B B B B B T B B B B 1,270 mm isohyets B T T B B T T T June 15.5 C isotherm Banana Cultivation and ClimateBananas Grown for Export = T (Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  9. Weather Problems • Wind • 15-20 mph - leaf damage, twisting, breakage • 40 mph - considerable damage • 60 mph - complete destruction • Why • Pseudostem not as strong as woody stem • Large leaves that catch wind • Shallow root system Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  10. World Production (1,000s mt) FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  11. World Production (%) FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  12. World Production Leading Producing Countries FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  13. World ProductionFAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 • Production • Bananas, 72 million MT (56% Asia) • Plantains, 25 million MT (89% Africa) • Staple food for 70 million Africans • 90% grown on small farms and consumed locally • 10% exported from plantations • Latin America and Caribbean region Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  14. World Yields (mt/ha) FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  15. Plant StructureMonocot • Perennial herb • All leaves/inflorescence origin from under ground corm • Spreads via rhizomes • Plants “walk” • Largest plant without woody trunk • Pseudostem, leaf bases • Fruits once Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  16. Banana Varieties • Gros Michel (Big Mike) • Leading cv for 100 years • Good production, cycle 13-15 months • Tall plants (4-8 m), wind damage • Good post harvest qualities • Ripened uniformly • Resistant to bruising and discoloration • Shipped as bunches • Susceptible to Panama disease • Replaced by Cavendish - resistant to Panama disease Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  17. Banana Varieties • Cavendish • Currently the leading cv for export • Heavy production, cycle 11 months • Smaller plant (2-3 m) - less wind damage • Marginal post harvest qualities • Does not ripen uniformly - use special chambers • Susceptible to bruising and discoloration • Shipped packed in boxes • Resistant to Panama disease Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  18. Many Locally Important Varieties • Active breeding in Africa, South America, and Asia Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  19. Flower Structure • Three types of flowers on inflorescence • Female flowers - develop into fruit • Hermaphroditic flowers • Male flowers • Fruit is a berry Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  20. Banana flower Female Male Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  21. Banana flower Female Three months from flowering to harvest Male Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  22. Botanically the Banana is a BerryOne pistilOne or many seed Other Berries Tomato Kiwi Grape Persimmon Seed Remnants Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  23. Production Cycle • Propagation • Vegetative • Rhizomes that are 6-8” diameter • Planted within hours of digging • Special fields for production of rhizomes for new orchards • Nematode problems • Hot water treatment (65°C) • Chemical dips Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  24. Planting • Density • 2.9 m (8.5’) square • 1,812 pl/ha (725 pl/ac) • Size of export plantation • Need to supply 36,000 mt/year • Yield 40 mt/ha -> 1,000 ha • Supply 1,000 mt/ship every 10 days • Four years to attain commercial production Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  25. Production • Banana plants • Take 8-9 months to flower • 11-14 leaves • Six leaves needed for good production • Bunch take 3 months to develop • Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Cavendish is 11 months • Banana plants “walk” Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  26. Training and Plant Selection • Banana plants “walk” • Select and train sucker for next crop to not interfere with growing bunch • When harvest fruit the sucker should be 2 m (5-6’) • Eliminate suckers that are • Poorly positioned • Too small • Unhealthy Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  27. Fruiting Stem 1st Replacement Daughter 2nd Replacement Grand daughter Production Fruiting Mat Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  28. Panama Disease • Fusarium oxysporum • Caused the demise of Gros Michel • Plantains are generally resistant • Control • Resistant varieties • New strain of the pathogen in Asia overcomes Cavendish resistance gene • Need to develop a wider range of varieties for the export market Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  29. Panama Disease Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  30. Black SigatokaBanana Leaf Spot • Mycosphaerella - Cercospora • Native to Southeast Asia • History • Early 1960s - Pacific and Asia • Early 1970s - Latin America • Late 1970s - Gabon in Africa - spread through Africa • Symptoms • Small translucent pale yellow streaks • Necrotic lesions (light gray w/ yellow halo) • Lesions coalesce and destroy leaf Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  31. Black SigatokaBanana Leaf Spot • Yield Losses - by losing leaf area • This is generally not a problem in mixed • 50% yield loss • Also cause premature ripening in harvested fruit • Control • Mixed plantings • Generally not a serious problem • Monoculture • Fungicides (Manzate) • Resistant varieties Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  32. Bagging of the Fruit • Weekly inspection • Last true hand is 4” long • Remove terminal end of bunch • Mark with ribbon - colors change with the week • Cover with perforated polyethylene bag • Why • Protection • Pests • Damage from leaves • Dust and dirt • Advance ripening Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  33. Fertility • Forty tons of bananas per hectare • 80 kg N = 80 kg N • 20 kg P2O5 = 9 kg P • 240 kg K2O = 200 kg K Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  34. Supporting the Crop • 52% of plant weight is the raceme • Prop with poles • Guide lines to base of adjacent plant • Leaf pruning can reduce problems with wind damage Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  35. Harvest • Crew harvests at 3-4 day intervals • Look for colored ribbons which indicate age of bunch • Minimum size • 5 hands • Pick green, with certain size • Banana bunch weighs 90-110 lbs • Two man operation • Hung on hook on cable system Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  36. Cable system runs from banana field to the packing house Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  37. Fruit Packing and Grading • Separate into hands • Wash to prevent staining • Pack in boxes Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  38. Fruit Packing and Grading • Pack in boxes • Only pack unblemished fruit Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  39. Post Harvest • Storage temperature • 57 - 59 F • Below 56 F may cause chilling injury • Bananas are ripened for marketing • 58-64 F • Ethylene treatment Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  40. Nutritional Value • 100 gm edible pulp • 85 calories, mostly carbohydrates • Vitamin, A, C, B1, B2, niacin • Minerals, very high in K • Reduce risk of high blood pressure and strokes Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

  41. Any Questions?

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