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Chapter 23: Circulation

Chapter 23: Circulation. NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation?. C irculatory system. - system of internal transport. Q. What needs to be transported?. - oxygen, RBC’s. - carbon dioxide. - nutrients. - waste products of metabolism.

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Chapter 23: Circulation

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  1. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system - system of internal transport Q. What needs to be transported? - oxygen, RBC’s - carbon dioxide - nutrients - waste products of metabolism (CO2 to lungs, urea and other waste to kidneys) - hormones - body defense substances like antibodies and WBC - temp. regulation (heat transfer) Q. When would an organism not need a CS? When every cell is in contact with the outside world and get what it needs (nutrients, etc…) and can get rid of waste.

  2. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 1. must reach EVERY cell a. capillaries - tiny blood vessels Fig. 23.1A - within a few cells of every cell - Site of diffusion; one cell width in diameter b. interstitial fluid - “pond” b/w capillaries and tissue cells Nutrients and wastes diffusing between the capillaries (top), interstitial fluid (blue) and tissue cells (bottom). Fig. 23.1B

  3. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 2. Many animals do not have a true circulatory system a. Porifera - Circulation achieved by flagellated collar cells circulating sea water through the pores up and out through the osculum.

  4. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 2. Many animals do not have a true circulatory system a. Cnidaria Use GV cavity as “circulatory system” Fig. 23.2A

  5. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation?

  6. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 2. Many animals do not have a true circulatory system a. Cnidaria b. Platyhelminthes (phylum) Planaria - tiny (3-12mm) freshwater flat worm Use GV cavity as “circulatory system” Fig. 23.2A

  7. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved a. Open circulatory system Fig. 23.2B

  8. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved a. Open circulatory system i. many invertebrates - mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…) - arthropods ii. open ended vessels iii.blood and interstitial fluid are the same Fig. 23.2B

  9. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved a. Open circulatory system i. many invertebrates - mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…) - arthropods ii. open ended vessels iii.blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph iv. grasshopper Hemolymph is moved toward the abdomen/tail end by rhythmic muscle contractions and enters the pores of tubular heart. Pores have a one way valve so hemolymph cannot flow back into body cavity, but is forced through open-ended tubes to maintain circulation when hearts pump. Fig. 23.2B

  10. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved a. Open circulatory system i. many invertebrates - mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…) - arthropods ii. open ended vessels iii.blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph iv. grasshopper Reminder, circulatory system NOT used for transport of gases (O2, CO2) as tracheal system will do this. Fig. 23.2B

  11. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved a. Open circulatory system i. many invertebrates - mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…) - arthropods ii. open ended vessels iii.blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph iv. grasshopper It is much like a fish tank where the tubular hearts would be like the filter in that is sucks water from the tank and puts it back in. The tank would be the body cavity. Fig. 23.2B

  12. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved a. Open circulatory system i. many invertebrates - mollusks (phylum containing snails, clams, squids etc…) - arthropods ii. open ended vessels iii.blood and interstitial fluid are the same – called hemolymph iv. grasshopper Advantages and Disadvantages Less efficient as oxygen, nutrients and waste products like CO2 are constantly mixed in the coelum (body cavity), but costs less ATP to move fluid due to lower hydrostatic pressure. Fig. 23.2B

  13. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation?

  14. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved (cardiovascular system) b. Closed circulatory system i. Blood confined to vessels ii. Three types of vessels - arteries - veins - capillaries iii. Earthworm (Annelida) - aortic arches “heart” - dorsal/ventral vessels - Peristalsis moves blood through vessels in combination with hearts pumping Fig. 23.2C

  15. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved (cardiovascular system) b. Closed circulatory system i. Blood confined to vessels ii. Three types of vessels - arteries - veins - capillaries iii. Earthworm (Annelida) - aortic arches “heart” - dorsal/ventral vessels - Peristalsis moves blood through vessels in combination with hearts pumping The dorsal blood vessels are responsible for carrying blood to the front of the earthworm’s body. The ventral blood vessels are responsible for carrying blood to the back of the earthworm’s body.

  16. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved (cardiovascular system) b. Closed circulatory system i. Blood confined to vessels ii. Three types of vessels - arteries - veins - capillaries iii. Fish - two chamber heart - follow the path of blood Fig. 23.2C

  17. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved (cardiovascular system) b. Closed circulatory system i. Blood confined to vessels ii. Three types of vessels - arteries - veins - capillaries iii. Fish - two chamber heart - follow the path of blood Fig. 23.2C

  18. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved c. Compare the CVS of fish and mammals i. Fish - single circuit - heart sees only oxygen poor blood - blood helped along by movement Fig. 23.3

  19. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved c. Compare the CVS of fish and mammals Fig. 23.3

  20. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved c. Compare the CVS of fish and mammals ii. Mammals (and birds – convergent evo) - two pumps in one (double circulation) - 4 chamber heart - dual circuit (pulmonary and systemic) - right side O2 poor, left side O2 rich - Compare flow rate - Follow flow path Q. Why do endotherms need a greater flow rate? Endotherms use 10X as much energy as equal size ectotherm – circ system must deliver 10X as much fuel and O2 and remove 10X as much waste. Fig. 23.3

  21. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? Circulatory system 3. Two basic true circulatory systems have evolved d. Mammals and birds evolved not from fish, but from reptiles. Hypothesize the number of chambers in a reptilian heart? iii. Amphibians and some reptiles - Have a three chambered heart (2 atria and one ventricle) where blood mixes in the ventricle and is sent to the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Less efficient than birds and mammals.

  22. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 1. Heart a. Size? b. location? c. composition? - compare walls of atria to those of ventricles. d. Explain the purpose of valves Fig. 23.4 Alternative valve names

  23. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System

  24. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System

  25. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 2. Follow the flow a. Start at RV b. RV to R,L pulmonary artery through semilunar valve c. R,L PA to lungs - O2 and CO2 exchange in lung cap. d. Lungs to LA via pulm. veins e. LA to LV through AV valve f. LV to aorta through SL valve Fig. 23.4

  26. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 2. Follow the flow a. Start at RV b. RV to R,L pulmonary artery through semilunar valve c. R,L PA to lungs - O2 and CO2 exchange in lung cap. d. Lungs to LA via pulm. veins e. LA to LV through AV valve f. LV to aorta through SL valve g. Arteries branch off aorta north to head and arms h. Aorta heads south where arteries branch to abdominal organs an legs Fig. 23.4

  27. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System

  28. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 2. Follow the flow a. Start at RV b. RV to R,L pulmonary artery through semilunar valve c. R,L PA to lungs - O2 and CO2 exchange in lung cap. d. Lungs to LA via pulm. veins e. LA to LV through AV valve f. LV to aorta through SL valve g. Arteries branch off aorta north to head and arms h. Aorta heads south where arteries branch to abdominal organs an legs Fig. 23.4

  29. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 2. Follow the flow (exchange O2/CO2/nutrients/etc..) i. Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillary beds -> Veins Venules -> j. Upper body veins drain into superior vena cava k. Lower body to inferior vena cava l. SVC and IFC empty into RA Fig. 23.4

  30. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 2. Follow the flow (exchange O2/CO2/nutrients/etc..) i. Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillary beds -> Veins Venules -> j. Upper body veins drain into superior vena cava k. Lower body to inferior vena cava l. SVC and IFC empty into RA Fig. 23.4

  31. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 2. Follow the flow (exchange O2/CO2/nutrients/etc..) i. Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillary beds -> Veins Venules -> j. Upper body veins drain into superior vena cava k. Lower body to inferior vena cava l. SVC and IVC empty into RA m. RA to RV through AV valve Q. Explain why the wall of the LV is thicker than that of the RV? Fig. 23.4

  32. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT (loose connective tissue) iii. smooth inner surface Fig. 23.5

  33. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries Fig. 23.5

  34. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries Fig. 23.5

  35. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries - outer layer of elastic conn. tissue Fig. 23.5

  36. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries - outer layer of elastic conn. tissue Fig. 23.5

  37. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries - Needs to be thicker as they receive high pressure blood from the heart. Fig. 23.5 http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189

  38. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries - outer layer of elastic conn. tissue to recoil after expanding c. Many veins have valves to maintain unidirectional flow Fig. 23.5 http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189

  39. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries - outer layer of elastic conn. tissue c. Many veins have valves Fig. 23.9B http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189

  40. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 3. Structure-function of blood vessels a. capillaries i. thin walls ii. simple squamous wrapped in LCT iii. smooth inner surface b. Arteries and veins i. thicker walls - same epithelium - layer of smooth muscle - thicker in arteries - outer layer of elastic conn. tissue c. Many veins have valves Fig. 23.5 http://ebsco.smartimagebase.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=14555&TC=&A=1189

  41. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 4. Rhythmic Heart Contraction a. Cardiac cycle i Complete sequence of filling and pumping heart ii. Two phases - diastolic - heart at rest - AV valves open - SL valves closed - all chambers fill with blood Fig. 23.6 http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html

  42. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html The Human Circulatory System Fig. 23.6 4. Rhythmic Heart Contraction a. Cardiac cycle i Complete sequence of filling and pumping heart ii. Two phases - systolic - atria contract “dub” - ventricles fill-up - ventricles contract - AV valves slam shut (“lub”) - SL valves open - blood enters atria “lub” - SL valves close (“dub”) b. Heart murmur - Occurs when a valve leaks a bit, you can hear a faint ”swish” with a stethoscope.

  43. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 5. Keeping the Rhythm a. Sinoatrial node (SA) node - heart’s natural pacemaker - generates an electrical signal - travels through atria to AV node - Called Perkinje fibers Fig. 23.7

  44. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 5. Keeping the Rhythm b. Atrioventricular (AV) node - .1 sec delay after receiving signal - sends new electrical signal to ventricles - ventricles contract Fig. 23.7

  45. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 5. Keeping the Rhythm * Conclusion: heart will beat at an extrinisic rate of 60-100 beats per minute if removed from body all by itself (Indiana Jones and the temple of doom), typically faster than normal. The brain has control over the rate at which it beats….next slide Fig. 23.7

  46. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 5. Keeping the Rhythm Vagus nerve (X – 10th – cranial nerve) Innervates the SA node and send signals to slow it down Sympathetic cardiac nerve (spinal nerves) Innervates the SA node and send signals to speed up Hormones Ex. Andrenaline (epinephrine) - Speed up SA node Fig. 23.7

  47. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 5. Keeping the Rhythm The 12 cranial nerves Fig. 23.7

  48. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 5. Keeping the Rhythm b. Electrocardiogram (ECG) - electrical signal of heart generates electrical signal in skin Fig. 23.7

  49. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 5. Keeping the Rhythm b. Electrocardiogram (ECG) - electrical signal of heart generates electrical signal in skin

  50. Chapter 23: Circulation NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform circulation? The Human Circulatory System 6. Failure of the heart’s pacemaker a. Artificial pacemaker - tiny electronic device inserted near AV node to control heart rate

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