Chapter 10 Behaviour Modification and Self-Management

1. Organizational Behaviour2nd European Edition Chapter 10 Behaviour Modification and Self-Management

2. The Language of Behaviour Modification Behaviour modification (B Mod):‘Involves making specific behaviour occur more or less often by systematically managing its cues and consequences.’ Behavioural contingencies: ‘Antecedent  behaviour  consequence relationships.’ Functional analysis: ‘Reducing person-environment interaction to A  B  C terms.’

3. Contingent Consequences in B Mod • Positive reinforcement (strengthens behaviour): contingently presenting something pleasing • Negative reinforcement (strengthens behaviour): contingently withdrawing something displeasing • Punishment (weakens behaviour): either contingent presentation of something displeasing or contingent withdrawal of something positive • Extinction (weakens behaviour): ignoring or no longer reinforcing a specific behaviour

4. Schedules of Reinforcement Schedule Description Continuous Reinforcer follows every response(CRF) Intermittent Reinforcer does not follow every response Fixed ratio (FR) A fixed number of responses must be emitted before reinforcement occurs Variable ratio (VR) A varying or random number of responses must be emitted before reinforcement occurs Fixed interval (FI) The first response after a specific period of time has elapsed is reinforced Variable interval (VI) The first response after varying or random periods of time have elapsed is reinforced

5. Modifying On-the-Job Behaviour Step 1: Identify target behaviour Step 2: Perform A  B  C functional analysis Step 3: Arrange antecedents by removing obstacles and providing opportunities. Provide supportive and appropriately scheduled consequences. Step 4: Evaluate results

6. Guidelines for ManagingConsequences in B Mod (Step 3) • Reinforce improvement, not just final results • Fit the consequences to the behaviour • Emphasize natural rewards over contrived rewards • Provide individuals with objective feedback whenever possible • Emphasize positive reinforcement; de-emphasize punishment • Schedule reinforcement appropriately

7. Why OB-Mod is Unpopular in Europe European management is humanistic, structuralistic and phenomenological. It emphasises human dignity, social structures and meaningful behaviour by actors who define their social reality. Behavioural modification is overtly manipulative and its techniques can be so strong and effective that they arouse serious ethical questions. Behavioural modification shifts the attention from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation.

8. Behavioural Self-Management Behavioural self-management: ‘Process of modifying one’s own behaviour by systematically managing cues, cognitive processes and contingent consequences.’ A Social Learning Model of Self-Management Person (psychological self)) Behaviour Situational Cues Consequences

9. Covey’s Seven Habits:An Agenda for ManagerialSelf-Improvement 1. Be pro-active 2. Begin with the end in mind 3. Put first things first 4. Think win/win 5. Seek first to understand, then to be understood 6. Synergize 7. Sharpen the saw

10. Behavioural Self-Management • Managing Situational Cues- Reminders and attention focusers- Self-observation data- Avoidance of negative cues- Seeking of positive cues- Personal goal setting- Self-contracts • Arranging Cognitive Supports- Symbolic coding- Rehearsal (mental plus actual)- Self-talk • Self-reinforcement (Bandura):1. Individual must have control over desired consequences2. Reinforcers must be self-administered on a conditional basis3. Performance standards must be adopted to establish quantity and quality of target behaviour