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The /a/→/aj/ Shift in Russian Verbs

The /a/→/aj/ Shift in Russian Verbs. Hierarchies and Markedness Tore Nesset University of Tromsø. (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift. Pre-C stem: Pre-V stem: igra-l igraj-ut. (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift. Pre-C stem: Pre-V stem: igra-l igr aj -ut. (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift. Pre-C stem: Pre-V stem:

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The /a/→/aj/ Shift in Russian Verbs

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  1. The /a/→/aj/ Shift in Russian Verbs Hierarchies and Markedness Tore Nesset University of Tromsø

  2. (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem: Pre-V stem: igra-l igraj-ut

  3. (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem: Pre-V stem: igra-l igraj-ut

  4. (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem: Pre-V stem: igra-l igraj-ut murlika-l murličØ-ut

  5. (1) The /a/→/aj/ Shift Pre-C stem: Pre-V stem: igra-l igraj-ut murlika-l murlikaj-ut murličØ-ut Non-productive /a/ suffix replaced by productive /aj/

  6. (7) Two questions • Which verbs show /a/→/aj/ shift? • Which inflected forms show /a/→/aj/ shift?

  7. (8) Hypothesis Marked/non-prototypical verbs/verb forms show /a/→/aj/ shift.

  8. (9) Root-Final Consonant • Place: • Labial – Dental – Velar • Manner: • Plosive – Fricative – (Sonorant) • Consonant mutation • Unmarked – Marked

  9. (10) Root-Final Place

  10. (11) Root-Final Manner

  11. (12) Consonant Mutation

  12. (12) Consonant Mutation

  13. (12) Consonant Mutation

  14. (12) Consonant Mutation • Unmarked: Target is single C • Marked: Target is long C or 2 Cs

  15. (13) Impact of Consonant Mutation

  16. (14) Root Shape Hierarchy Root Dental Velar Labial Fricative Plosive Unmarked alternation Marked alternation Suffix: /a/ Suffix: /aj/

  17. (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root Dental Velar Labial Fricative Plosive Unmarked alternation Marked alternation Suffix: /a/ Suffix: /aj/

  18. (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root Dental Velar Labial Fricative Plosive Unmarked alternation Marked alternation Suffix: /a/ Suffix: /aj/

  19. (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root Dental Velar Labial Fricative Plosive Unmarked alternation Marked alternation Suffix: /a/ Suffix: /aj/

  20. (14) Root Shape and Markedness Root Dental Velar Labial Fricative Plosive?? Unmarked alternation Marked alternation Suffix: /a/ Suffix: /aj/

  21. (15) Root Shape and Hypothesis • Confirming evidence: • Marked/non-prototypical roots tend to show /a/→/aj/ shift. • Problem: • Are dental fricatives less marked than dental plosives?

  22. (16) Inside the paradigm

  23. (17) The /aj/% Hierarchy Gerund ≥ Imperative ≥ 1 singular ≥ 1 plural ≥ 3 plural ≥ 3 singular

  24. (18) Hierarchy and markedness • Hierarchy corresponds roughly to markedness if • Non-finite — Finite • Imperative — Indicative • 1st person — 3rd person • Plural — Singular

  25. (19) Problem: 1 sg and 1 pl Gerund ≥ Imperative ≥ 1 singular ≥ 1 plural ≥ 3 plural ≥ 3 singular

  26. (22-23) Conclusions • The /a/➝/aj/ shift depends on systematic interaction of hierarchically ordered factors: • The Root Shape Hierarchy • The Inflectional Paradigm Hierarchy • The /a/➝/aj/ correlates with markedness/prototypicality (although the correlation isn’t perfect)

  27. (24) Theoretical implication Verb classes and inflectional paradigms behave like structured networks, not like unordered lists.

  28. (25) More questions • Is frequency relevant? • Do verbs with “postfix” -sja behave differently? • What about prefixed verbs? • And development over time?

  29. Thanks to Hyugh Anh John Korba Chris Wiesen

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