GPC 126 Physiological Psychology

1. GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Research Methods in Neuroscience Lecture 6 Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2018

2. This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in Chapter 5 of the text Foundations of Physiological Psychology by Neil R. Carlson All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text. Lecture 6

3. Caffeine Consumption Record Form? Housekeeping Mid-term Exam next week. Time and Date: 10:40 on Thursday, 29 March Room: S-121

4. Learning Styles Inventory Subjects Female 21 Male 1 Total 22

5. Learning Styles InventoryFemale only Dimension Mean SD Visual 29.76 5.31 Auditory 26.10 5.75 Tactile 24.86 5.15

6. Drawing for presentation dates 26 April 3 May 10 May Housekeeping

7. 1. Review categories of neuroscience research subjects. Plan for the day 2. Review neuroscience research techniques. 3. Review research designs used in neuroscience.

8. Some basic ideas…. Those subjects should have a nervous system. To research neural systems one needs subjects. Research in the Neurosciences A nervous system much like ours!!

9. This seems to leave only two groups…. Oh….and us, because we’re mammals, too! Research in the Neurosciences Mammals

10. The research on neuroscience may be categorized into three large categories. 1. Observation of organisms in natural settings, Research in the Neurosciences

11. 2. Post-Mortem (after death) analysis of tissues and organs, and Research in the Neurosciences

12. Research in the Neurosciences 3. Scientific analysis and experimentation with living organisms.

13. Why Research with Animals? Humans have a long history using animals…. Research in the Neurosciences Food

14. Why Research with Animals? Humans have a long history using animals…. Research in the Neurosciences Domestic Products

15. Why Research with Animals? Humans have a long history using animals…. Research in the Neurosciences Work

16. Why Research with Animals? Humans have a long history using animals…. Research in the Neurosciences Friendship

17. Why Research with Animals? Humans have a long history using animals…. Research Research in the Neurosciences

18. Why Research with Animals? Humans have a long history using animals…. Research Ivan Pavlov Research in the Neurosciences

19. Many animals are biologically similar to humans. We share 99% of our DNA with Chimpanzees and 98% with mice. Why animals are used in Neuroscience research Animals have a shorter life cycle and so may be studied over several generations quickly. Extreme degree of scientific control….diet, environment, stimulation, prior learning…..etc. Cultural ethic that animals are less valuable than are humans

20. What animals are used in research? rats, mice, birds, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, fish, frogs, pigs, birds, dogs, cats, primates, among others. Research in the Neurosciences

21. Each year 17-23 million animals are used in biomedical research. Research in the Neurosciences 95% are rats and mice….. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8ASyPT-F0g&list=PLWUe2KYz3RiL6cMKunW6raXnAErpo6dQr

22. Because animals, like us, have nervous systems, blood and brain chemistry, gland and organ secretions along with circulatory systems, muscle and skeletal systems they continue to provide the only real alternative to humans in the search for knowledge about the body, the brain, and the disease process. Research in the Neurosciences Computer models are becoming more useful in research. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5oqIxhTU8I

23. A little action research project Research in the Neurosciences

24. If you were asked to euthanize (kill) an experimental animal would you find it easier to euthanize Research in the Neurosciences or

25. If you were asked to euthanize an experimental animal would you find it easier to euthanize Research in the Neurosciences or

26. If you were asked to euthanize an experimental animal would you find it easier to euthanize Research in the Neurosciences or

27. If you were asked to euthanize an experimental animal would you find it easier to euthanize Research in the Neurosciences or

28. If you were asked to euthanize an experimental animal would you find it easier to euthanize Research in the Neurosciences or

29.  Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee On November 20, 1985 the U.S. Congress passed the Health Research Extension Act of 1985. The act mandated that all research being conducted by institutions using Federal research monies must comply with certain standards in the care and use of animals in research. This is typically done by use of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) Protection of Animal Subjects

30. a. Standards dictated by the Animal Welfare Act. Balancing societal benefits with imposition on animals, both with respect to suffering and numbers of animals. b. Minimization of pain, suffering, and distress in all procedures c. Species-appropriate housing, feeding, and care d. Involvement of veterinary personnel e. Qualifications of investigators and their personnel. Protection of Animal Subjects Source: http://www.research.umn.edu/ethics/curriculum/animal_subjects.html Animal research pros and cons

31. Stereotaxic Surgery Behavioral NeuroscienceTechniques to study the neural basis of behavior. Lesion Production Electrical Brain Stimulation Microinjection

32. Surgery performed using an atlas showing the location of brain areas in 3 planes of space. Used to place recording or stimulating electrodes or to destroy a particular part of the brain. Stereotaxic Surgery

33. Surgery performed using an atlas showing the location of brain areas in 3 planes of space. Used to place recording or stimulating electrodes or to destroy a particular part of the brain. Stereotaxic Surgery

34. Destruction of a particular part of the brain. Lesions can be produced by passing electrical current (AC or DC) through an electrode or with chemicals (such as kainic acid or 6-hydroxydopamine) that destroy neurons. Experimental ablation

35. A lesion can also be made surgically by cutting a tract or by suction removal of part of the brain. A reversible lesion can be made by cooling (then re-warming) part of the brain or by injecting drugs (such as lidocaine). Experimental ablation

36. Stimulation of a brain area by passing electrical current through an electrode. Electrical brain stimulation Invasive

37. Stimulation of a brain area by passing electrical current through an electrode. Electrical brain stimulation Non-invasive

38. Electrical brain stimulation Non-invasive

39. Targeted radiation therapy for the treatment of disease

40. Electrical monitoring of brain activity EEG Electro-encephalography

41. Injection of a small quantities of drug or neurotransmitter into a specific area of the brain. Microinjection

42. Positron Emission TomographyPET Scans

43. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medical imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. Radio active substance (tracer or marker) is introduced into the body and repeated images are made and, with the aid of a computer, the images are merged into a 3-dimensional picture of the organ and the concentration of the tracer chemical. Positron Emission TomographyPET Scans Functional magnetic resonance imaging Functional MRI Brain Scans

44. Scientific Inquiry “I know Plato and I know Aristotle, but my best friend is Truth” Issac Newton The search for knowledge using recognized methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.

45. Scientific Method: A sequence of events used in the pursuit of knowledge. These include: Statement & Definition of the problem Statement of a hypothesis Collection and analysis of data Interpretation of results and conclusions [Science is] the labor and handicraft of the mind. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English essayist, philosopher, statesman.

46. Two Categories of Research Qualitative Research Words (Narrative) Quantitative Research numbers

47. Two Branches of Research Basic:the search for fundamental knowledge Applied:the search for how this knowledge can be used

49. Research Methodologies a. Action Research “How do GPC students feel about research animal euthanasia?” b. Historical Research “What methods were used to investigate brain function in the 18th Century?“ c. Descriptive Research “Attitudes of psychology and counseling students to the use of animal subjects in research.“  d. Correlation Research “The relationship of subject age and maze learning mastery in white lab rats.“  e. Causal-Comparative Research “Tumor development in male and female rodent brains.“  f. Experimental Research “Effectiveness of antidepressants on geriatric patients with early stage Alzheimer’s Disease.”

50. Action Research