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Chapter Sixteen. Using Language to Style the Speech. Chapter Sixteen. Table of Contents Writing for the Ear Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning Choose Language that Builds Credibility Choose Language that Creates a Lasting Impression. Using Language to Style the Speech.
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Chapter Sixteen Using Language to Style the Speech
Chapter Sixteen Table of Contents • Writing for the Ear • Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning • Choose Language that Builds Credibility • Choose Language that Creates a Lasting Impression
Using Language to Style the Speech • Substance: the ideas in the topic and purpose, and the supporting materials used to illustrate them. • Style: the choice of words and sentences that comprise the language of your speech.
Writing for the Ear • Written language and oral language are different. • Listeners have only one chance to get the message.
Writing for the Ear • Speeches must use familiar and easy-to-follow words • Speeches are more interactive than written language.
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning • Speech language should be culturally sensitive, unbiased, simple, concise, concrete, and vivid.
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning • Use Culturally Sensitive and Unbiased Language • Strive for Simplicity • Aim for Conciseness • Choose Concrete Words • Use Vivid Imagery
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning:Use Culturally Sensitive and Unbiased Language • Cultural Sensitivity: a conscious attempt to be considerate of cultural beliefs, norms, or traditions
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning:Use Culturally Sensitive and Unbiased Language • Biased Language: rely on unfounded assumptions, negative descriptions, or stereotypes • Sexist Pronouns: restrict or stereotype gender
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning:Strive for Simplicity • Say what you mean in short, clear sentences. • Jargon: specialized language of a given profession. • Avoid using jargon unless the audience consists of specialized professionals.
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning:Aim for Conciseness • Use fewer words, rather than more, to aid listener comprehension.
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning:Choose Concrete Words • Concrete Language: words that are specific, tangible, and definite • Abstract Language: phrasing that is general and nonspecific
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning:Use Vivid Imagery • Select adverbs and adjectives to color descriptions • Appeal to the listeners’ senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch.
Choose Language that Encourages Shared Meaning:Use Vivid Imagery • Use Figures of Speech • Simile: an explicit comparison of one thing to another, using “like” or “as” • Metaphor: a direct comparison of two things • Analogy: an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept to a more familiar one
Choose Language that Builds Credibility • Proper language usage builds trust and credibility.
Choose Language that Builds Credibility • Use Appropriate Language • Use Language Accurately • Choose Words that Convey Confidence and Conviction
Choose Language that Builds Credibility:Use Appropriate Language • The language should be appropriate to the occasion, audience, and subject matter. • Uphold the rules of standard English.
Choose Language that Builds Credibility:Use Language Accurately • Language must be accurate. • Avoid malapropism: inadvertent use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it.
Choose Language that Builds Credibility:Use Language Accurately • Denotative meanings:the literal, or dictionary, definition of a word • Connotative meanings:the special associations that people bring to bear upon a word
Choose Language that Builds Credibility:Choose Words that Convey Confidence and Conviction • Voice: the feature of verbs that indicates the subject’s relationship to the action. • Use an active voice. • Use personal pronouns such as “I”, “me”,and“my”.
Choose Language That Creates a Lasting Impression • Oral language that is artfully arranged and infused with rhythm leaves a lasting impression.
Choose Language That Creates a Lasting Impression • Repetition • Alliteration
Choose Language That Creates a Lasting Impression:Repetition • Repetition involves repeating key words or phrases to create a rhythm. • Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables.
Parallelism is the arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form. For example, arranging your material chronologically. Parallelism
