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ZigBee Based Smart Meter Networks

ZigBee Based Smart Meter Networks. Aniqua Z. Baset CSCE 813 Internet Security, Spring 2014. Electricity Meters. Smart meter ▪ Automated reading ▪ Appliance specific usage ▪ Near real-time. Conventional ▪ Manual reading ▪ Total usage. AMR ▪ Automated reading ▪ Total usage.

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ZigBee Based Smart Meter Networks

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  1. ZigBee Based Smart Meter Networks Aniqua Z. Baset CSCE 813 Internet Security, Spring 2014

  2. Electricity Meters Smart meter ▪ Automated reading ▪ Appliance specific usage ▪ Near real-time Conventional ▪ Manual reading ▪ Total usage AMR ▪ Automated reading ▪ Total usage

  3. Why Smart Meters? • Appliance specific real-time usage data • Energy consumption adjust • Renewable energy usage monitoring • Two way communication • Pricing notification • Load control • Power quality monitoring

  4. Smart Meter Adoption in US Number of entities reported: 81 Updated on April 1, 2014 Source: Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG)

  5. Smart Meter Market Forecast Source: Navigant Research

  6. Smart Meter Hacks • Reprogram through infrared ports • Widespread incidents of power thefts in Puerto Rico • laptop, an optical converter device and a free downloadable program from internet • According to FBI, former employees of the meter manufacturer and employees of the utility company were involved • Termineter • An open source hacking tool by researchers • Need physical access • Wireless???

  7. Smart Meter Network

  8. ZigBee: The Wireless Technology for Smart Meters • Global standard for control and sensor networks • Based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard • Low cost, low data rate, low power • Wireless Personal Area Networks and device-to-device networks • Mesh network, up to 216 nodes • Maintained by ZigBee Alliance • Got it name from Honeybees!

  9. ZigBee vs. Other Wireless Technologies

  10. ZigBee Protocol Stack

  11. ZigBee Applications

  12. ZigBee Smart Energy Profile • Defines commands and attributes for smart meters, home energy display devices, smart appliances and load control devices • Supports for • Network join, re-join, leave • Key establishment • Pricing • Demand response and load control • Metering • Messaging • Time synchronization • Versions 1.0, 1.1, 2, widely used 1.1

  13. ZigBee Smart Energy Home Area Network • Every SED shares a pre-configured trust center link key with ESI • Network operations are carried out using network key • Every device in the network establishes a pairwise link key with other devices Smart Energy Device Smart Energy Device

  14. Current Work • Goal: • A formal protocol analysis using automated tool • Analyzed • Network join and key establishment • Tool used • AVISPA (Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications) • HLPSL (High Level Protocol Specification Language)

  15. Network Join role sed(S,E:agent, Ktcl:symmetric_key, JoinReq:protocol_id, SND,RCV:channel(dy)) played_by S def= local State:nat, Knwk:symmetric_key init State := 0 transition 1. State = 0 /\ RCV(start) =|> State':= 2 /\ SND({S.JoinReq}_Ktcl) 2. State = 2 /\ RCV({Knwk'}_Ktcl) =|> State':= 4 end role role esi(E:agent, Knwk,Ktcl:symmetric_key, JoinReq:protocol_id, SND,RCV:channel(dy)) played_by E def= local State:nat,S:agent init State := 1 transition 1. State = 1 /\ RCV({S'.JoinReq}_Ktcl) =|> State':= 3 /\ SND({Knwk}_Ktcl) /\ secret(Knwk,network_key,{S,E}) end role

  16. Key Establishment

  17. Key Establishment: AVISPA Attack Trace

  18. Future Work • Practicality analysis of attack found by AVISPA • AVISPA is not so expressive, analysis using other tool • Analysis of other processes from ZigBee Smart Energy Profile

  19. Any Question ??

  20. References • NaturalNews . " How privacy-conscious consumers are fooling, hacking smart meters ." .url:http://www.naturalnews.com/036476_smart_meters_hacking_privacy.html#ixzz2zg3XEyL2 • ZigBee Alliance. "ZigBee Smart Energy Profile Specification". Revision 16 • Kinney, Patrick. "Zigbee technology: Wireless control that simply works." Communications design conference. Vol. 2. 2003. • ZigBee Alliance. URL: https://www.zigbee.org/ • ZigBee Alliance. "ZigBee Specification". http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications/ZigBee/Overview.aspx • ZigBee Alliance. "ZigBee Smart Energy Overview. " http://www.zigbee.org/Standards/ZigBeeSmartEnergy/Overview.aspx • The AVISPA project. URL: http://www.avispa-project.org/ • AVISPA, Team. "AVISPA v1. 1 User manual." (2006)

  21. Image References • Smart meter adoption in US. URL: https://www.smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/deployment_status/ami_and_customer_systems • Smart meter market forecast. URL: http://www.energymanagertoday.com/assets/smart-meter-market-penetration.jpg • ZigBee vs. other wireless technologies. URL: http://www.iebmedia.com/images/art_images/ieb34wirelessnet4.gif • ZigBee protocol stack. URL: http://www.sanjuansw.com/?p=31

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