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Chapter 31

Chapter 31. American Life in the “Roaring Twenties” 1919-1929. Red Scare. Bolshevik Revolution, labor unions, strikes= fear of communism Bomb plots of 1919 Palmer Raids  Attorney General Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover By 1921- 10,000 in jail (Espionage Act and Sedition Act)

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Chapter 31

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  1. Chapter 31 American Life in the “Roaring Twenties” 1919-1929

  2. Red Scare • Bolshevik Revolution, labor unions, strikes= fear of communism • Bomb plots of 1919 • Palmer Raids Attorney General Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover • By 1921- 10,000 in jail (Espionage Act and Sedition Act) • The Buford (Soviet Ark)

  3. Red Scare • Anti-syndicalism laws passed in states 1919-1920 • Growth of conservatism (break unions) • Trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolommeo Vanzetti in 1921 for killing a payroll clerk • Xenophobia, anti-immigration, anti-anarchist • Found guilty and electrocuted 1927

  4. Second KKK • 1920’s= nadir of race relations rebirth of the KKK • The Birth of a Nation, murder of a white girl by a Jew (Leo Frank) • New KKK expanded nativist, anti-black, Catholic, Jewish, pacifist, Communist etc. • Ultra conservative in Midwest and Bible Belt South with up to 5 million members • Decline of KKK

  5. Klanswomen on Parade, 1928Founded in the Reconstruction era, the Ku Klux Klan enjoyed a remarkable resurgence in the 1920s. Here women members, unmasked and unapologetic, march down Pennsylvania Avenue under the shadow of the Capitol dome.

  6. Immigrants • Isolationism! xenophobia as hordes poured in again after war • Emergency Quota Act 1921 • Immigration Act of 1924 aka National Origins Act or Asian Exclusion Act • Ethnic ghettos- stick to own kind

  7. The Only Way to Handle ItIsolationists and nativists succeeded in damming up the flow of immigrants to the United States in the early 1920s. The Immigration Act of 1924 placed strict quotas on European immigrants and completely shut out the Japanese.

  8. Annual Immigration and the Quota Laws

  9. Prohibition • 18th amendment and Volstead Act of 1919 • Northern cities (large immigrant population) against Prohibition • Not enough enforcement and easily bribed • Too hard to enforce! Speakeasies • Returning doughboys, rich vs. poor • Rumrunners, bathtub gin • Positives of Prohibition

  10. No More MoonshineFederal agents gloat over a captured still in Dayton, Ohio, in 1930. “Moonshiners,” or makers of illegal liquor, enjoyed a boom during prohibition, though zealous G-men (government agents) put the owner of this makeshift distillery out of business—at least temporarily.

  11. Organized Crime • Prohibition= organized crime • Gang warfare to corner the market • $12-18 billion every year starting 1930 • Al Capone (Scarface)= bootlegger, racketeering in Chicago • Public Enemy #1 St. Valentine’s Day massacre in 1929 • Convicted for evasion of taxes (Elliot Ness and Untouchables)

  12. Gangster Al Capone Fishing in FloridaCapone may have looked like any Chicago businessman on vacation, but his business was bigger and nastier than most, as he often eliminated his competition by murder. He was reported as saying, “Everybody calls me a racketeer. I call myself a businessman. When I sell liquor, it’s bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on a silver tray on Lake Shore Drive, it’s hospitality.” He was finally jailed in 1932 for falsifying his income tax returns.

  13. Education in 1920’s • Increase of age requirements= increase in graduation rates • John Dewey • Public health in schools increase in life expectancy • Christian Fundamentalist backlash against progressivism evolution!

  14. Education in 1920’s • Scopes Monkey Trial 1925: Biology teacher John T. Scopes broke Tennessee law • Defended by Clarence Darrow, prosecution with William Jennings Bryan • Darrow challenged literal interpretation of the Bible

  15. The Battle over EvolutionOpponents of Darwin’s theories set up shop at the opening of the famed “Monkey Trial” in Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925. The trial was an early battle in an American “culture war” that is still being waged more than seventy-five years later.

  16. Consumerism • Prosperity following the war investments • New business techniques and growth • Birth of advertising • The Man Nobody Knows by Bruce Barton 1925 • 1920’s= consumer economy on credit

  17. Consumerism • Automobiles changed daily life • Assembly lines used by Henry Ford to cut costs= average people • 1910: 181,000 cars; 1929: 26 million Fords • Frederick W. Taylor • Raised the standard of living- jobs created

  18. Henry Ford in His First Car, Built in 1896

  19. Gas Station, 1923

  20. Radio • 1890’s by Marconi, used in WWI • Broadcast radio in November 1920 • Late 1920’s= national radio shows sponsored by companies (commercials) • Brought people together to listen in • Changed the face of politics

  21. Family “Listening In” to the Radio, 1922The Lacambanne family of San Francisco gathered in their parlor to listen to a concert broadcast over the radio. In the early years, when only a handful of households could afford a radio, listening brought family and neighbors together to share a common experience.

  22. Social Changes • Margaret Sanger; American Birth Control League 1916 • National Woman’s Party- Equal Rights Amendment started 1923 • Sexual revolution (based on Freud and ads) • Flappers • The Jazz Age and the Great Migration • Harlem Renaissance; Marcus Garvey and the United Negro Improvement Association UNIA

  23. Margaret Sanger (1879–1966) in Boston, 1929Forbidden to speak on the inflammatory topic of birth control, a defiant Sanger covered her mouth and “lectured” in Boston by writing on a blackboard. Since 1912 Sanger had devoted herself to promoting birth control and establishing contraceptive clinics throughout the United States.

  24. The FlapperNew dance styles, like the “Charleston,” flamboyantly displayed the new social freedom of the “flapper,” whose dress and antics frequently flummoxed the guardians of respectability.

  25. The Guardian of Morality

  26. Bull Market • Economic problems= real estate speculation, consumerism, stock speculation • Bull Market= stocks bought “on the margin” fine if stock prices going up • National debt at $26 billion after war- Bureau of Budget • Mellon Plan by Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon to cut taxes to wealthy • Lowered debt to $16 billion

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