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“Freight road transport in Spain. Towards a higher energy and environment efficiency?”

“Freight road transport in Spain. Towards a higher energy and environment efficiency?”. Pedro José Pérez-Martínez. BACKGROUND. TRANSPORT SECTOR IN SPAIN. Supports economical development 5,3% GDP (3% road transport, rail excluded) Multypling effect over other sectors

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“Freight road transport in Spain. Towards a higher energy and environment efficiency?”

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  1. “Freight road transport in Spain.Towards a higher energy and environment efficiency?” Pedro José Pérez-Martínez

  2. BACKGROUND TRANSPORT SECTOR IN SPAIN • Supports economical development • 5,3% GDP (3% road transport, rail excluded) • Multypling effect over other sectors • Employment: 4,3% potencial working popullation and 4,7% working people. (Road transport, rail excluded, represents 3,2% working people).

  3. TRANSPORT EMPLOYEES • Figure 1: Transport sector in Spain – 2002 • Working people on road transport (743.800) Source: D. G. de Programación Económica, Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002.

  4. DEMAND BY MODE • Figure 2a: Freight transport demand by mode in Spain – 2002 • (402.882 millions tonnes-kilometer) Source: D. G. de Programación Económica, Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002.

  5. DEMAND AND GDP • Figure 2b: Freight transport demandby transport mode and GDP in • Spain 1990-2002. During period 1990 – 2000, growth of 61 % (5.1 % year-1) Source: Dirección General de Aviación Civil, Ente Público Puertos del Estado, Dirección General de Carreteras, Dirección General de Ferrocarriles (Ministerio de Fomento), RENFE, FEVE y Comunidades Autónomas. Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2004.

  6. DEMAND AND GDP INDICES • Figure 2c: Freight transport demand and GDP in Spain Source: D. G. de Programación Económica, Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002. Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2004.

  7. ENERGY • Table 1: Energy consumption by transport mode (Total equivalent in TJ & %) * Contribution of transport sector to total energy consumption in Spain(%), 37,8% (2006), 38,9% (2012) Source: D.G. De Política Energética y Minas, CLH, S.A., REPSOL BUTANO S.A., RENFE, FEVE, REPSOL PETRÓLEO S.A., Generalidad de Cataluña, Metropolitano de Madrid, Generalidad de Valencia, Ferrocarriles del Gobierno Vasco, Metropolitano de Barcelona y Compañías Privadas de Ferrocarril.

  8. ENERGY • Figure 3: Final energy consumption of road transport broken down • by vehicle category in Spain (2000) 14%Contribution of road freight transport to total energy consumption in Spain (%) Source: D. G. de Programación Económica, Ministerio de Fomento, Informe Anual 2002.

  9. OBJETIVES • Benchmarking of freight transport efficiency, operational performance • Results of a descriptive +key performanceindicator survey – Encuesta Permanente Transporte Mercancías Carretera, EPTMC (PRFSS) 1997-2003 • Audit of the efficiency of 41600 vehicles over a-year • Combine the effect of vehicle utilisation/fuel efficiency on CO2 emissions (and on operating costs?)

  10. PERMANENT ROAD FREIGHT SAMPLE SURVEY (PRFSS) • Initiative of the PRFSS (1997-2003) • Random stratified sampling (800/week, 41600 vehicles/year) • Key descriptive and performance indicators • Data collection and analysis

  11. SAMPLING • Equations 1,2: Estimation of the sampling results - Random Stratified Sampling • For each stratum h (h=1...16), stratification criteria: service, reach, capacity • xhi: Value of X variable in i vehicle of h stratum descriptive +key performance indicators. • Fh: Expansion coefficient for h stratum. • n’h: Number of sampling vehicles from h stratum • Nh: Total number of authorized vehicles from h stratum. (directory population). • Titularsampling size (800/week) • (200/week reserve, 41600 vehicles/year) • b(tit)h: Number of falls within h stratum, detected in the sampling. • e(tit)h: Number of vehicles within h stratum that not correspond to the survey (fireman, forestry, construction trucks, snowplows, etc.) • s: Number of weeks within the calculation period.

  12. INDICATORS Table 1: Descriptive (DI) and key performance indicators (KPI) • Descriptive Indicators (DI)/ Measure of National Indices: • i.e.: Operations, Vehicle-km, Kilometers, Tonnes, Tonne-km, Distribution of HDV, Load capacity • Utilisation Indices (KPI1)/ Measure of Energy Intensity: • i.e.: Empty running (%), Vehicle loading (%), Fuel efficiency (l/km) or (l/t-km), Fuel consumption (l), Emission efficiency (grs CO2/t-km) • Productivity Indices (KPI2)/ Measure of production: • i.e.: Vehicle time utilization, Transport content (km/t) • Effectiveness Indices (KPI3)/ Measure of efficiency: • i.e.: Deviations from schedule, Transport distance (logistical reach, km), Average payload (organization of transport-efficiency, t-km/vehicles-km)

  13. INDICATORS • Some of the indicators are directly measured by the PRFSS and other are estimates* • *Equations 3, 4, 5: Transport content, distance and efficiency

  14. DI/ Operations & Vehicle-kilometers (2003) • Figure 4: Indicators of the PRFSS-Survey by trip mode (I) • Operations (thousands) • Vehicle-Kms (thousand millions) • 69.5 km17502 v-kms (millions) • 251831 Operations (thousands) • 17.5 kilometers(billions)  6125796,3 litres diesel (millions)  5,7 toe (millions) Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  15. DI/ Tonnes & Tonne-kilometers (2003) • Figure 5: Indicators of the PRFSS-Survey by trip mode (II) • Tonnes (thousands) • Tonne-km (millions) • 104 Km (transport distance) 192587 Tonne-kms (millions) • 1850 Tonnes (millions, payload) Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  16. DI/ Tonne-kilometers TRENDS • Figure 6: Freight road transport trends in Spain Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003. Transport between municipalities and within municipalities is excluded (33%).

  17. DI/ Tonnes within municipalities (2003) • Figure 7: Transport within municipalities(in tonnes) • Transport by types of service and vehicle • Transport by distance interval • 613 Tonnes(millions), 5542 Tonne-kms (millions), 9 km Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  18. DI/ Tonnes between municipalities (2003) • Figure 8: Transport between municipalities (in tonnes) • Transport by types of service and vehicle • Transport by distance interval • 1188 Tonnes(millions), 132868 Tonne-kms (millions), 112 km Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  19. DI/ Tonnes international (2003) • Figure 9: International transport (in tonnes) • Transport by types of service and vehicle • Transport by distance interval • 50 Tonnes(millions), 54177 Tonne-kms (millions), 1083 km Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  20. DI/ Distribution (2003) • Table 2: Freight road transport legal • vehicles in Spain - 2003 • Figure 10: Distribution of HDV* in Spain - 2003 • *Rigid: Small rigid (2 axles) < 10 t, • Medium rigid (2 axles) 10-18 t, • Large rigid (>2 axles) > 18t • Tractor: 32 t articulated vehicles (4 axles), 38-44 t articulated vehicles (>4 axles)

  21. DI/ Load capacity KPI2/ Operativity • Figure 11: Load capacity of HDV • in Spain - 2003 • Figure 12: Average percentage • of operativity, time utilization - 2003 • % trailer time*,  79 % *running on the road, loading/unloading, Awaiting unloading/uploading, pre-load Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  22. Utilisation Indices (KPI1)/ Empty Running (2003) • Figure 10: Key performance indicators regarding operations of empty running • (average level of efficiency at sectoral level, utilization indices) • Empty / 100 loaded operations • Empty / 100 loaded kms Empty running  47 % Empty running  26 % Potential for improving the efficiency of delivery operations Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  23. Utilisation Indices (KPI1)/ Load Factors (2003) • Figure 11: Load factors in road freight transport for weight categories of Spanish lorries in 2003 (defined as the percentage utilization of the capacity by weight). • The figure of the left is higher as empty running was excluded. Utilization of available tonne-kms 80 % Utilization of available tonne-kms  40 % The fact that some companies achieve higher load factors than others suggests that can be improved Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  24. RESULTS - Performance data • Table 3a: Road freight transport, HDV. Performance data (1997-2003) DI: Descriptive Indicators, * Indirectly calculated from running kilometers using following relations:

  25. RESULTS - Performance data • Table 3b: Road freight transport, HDV. Performance data (1997-2003) _ Not significant differences, KPI1: Utilisation Indices, KPI2: Productivity Indices, KPI3: Effectiveness Indices, * Indirectly calculated from running kilometers and t-k, Indirectly calculated from equations *3, 4, 5

  26. RESULTS - by service and vehicle type • Table 4: Road freight transport, HDV indicators by service and vehicle type(2003) Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  27. RESULTS by service and vehicle type • Figure 12: Road freight transport, HDV indicators by service and vehicle type(2003) • *Rigid: Small rigid (2 axles) < 10 t, • Medium rigid (2 axles) 10-18 t, • Large rigid (>2 axles) > 18t • Tractor: 32 t articulated vehicles (4 axles), 38-44 t articulated vehicles (>4 axles) Source: Encuesta Permanente de Mercancías por Carretera, Ministerio de Fomento, 2003.

  28. RESULTS by logistical reach • Table 5: Road freight transport, HDV indicators by logistical reach (2003)

  29. CONCLUSIONS • Benchmarking of transport description, utilisation, productivity and efficiency in road freight in Spain vs set of indicators was done using PRFSS • Benchmarking reveals wide variation in absolute values during studied period 1997-2003 • Benchmarking indicates not a wide variation in vehicle utilisation, productivity and energy intensity although not distinction in the nature of the product was done • Limitation of the survey, lack of key performance indicators that directly measures operating performance (KPI2-KP3) • Future surveys should examine more KPIs and further relationship between transport and logistical variables (also interraltionship between KPIs) • Expand sample size permiting greater segmentation, more number of homogeneous strata, improving the accuracy

  30. THANKS ! Pedro José Pérez-MartínezTransport Research Center – TRANSyT, UPME-mail: pjperez@caminos.upm.esHomepage: http://www.transyt.upm.es

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