Chapter One: The Beginnings of Civilization

1. Chapter One: The Beginnings of Civilization

3. Defining �Civilized� Urban life: permanent constructions System of regulatory government Class distinction (wealth and occupation) Tools/skills --> production/trade Written communication Shared system of religious belief ** Not a value judgment! **

4. Origins of Western Civilization Paleolithic World View (Old Stone Age) Art Religion Neolithic Civilizations (Late Stone Age) Domestication of animals Cultivation of vegetation Community War / Weaponry

5. 1.2 Hall of the Bulls, c. 15,000�13,000 bce. Left wall, Lascaux (Dordogne), France. Largest bull c. 11�6? (3.5 m) long. � Caves of Lascaux, Dordogne, France/The Bridgeman Art Library1.2 Hall of the Bulls, c. 15,000�13,000 bce. Left wall, Lascaux (Dordogne), France. Largest bull c. 11�6? (3.5 m) long. � Caves of Lascaux, Dordogne, France/The Bridgeman Art Library

6. 1.3 Venus of Willendorf, c. 28,000�23,000 bce. From Willendorf, Austria. Limestone, 41/4? (11 cm) high. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria//� Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY1.3 Venus of Willendorf, c. 28,000�23,000 bce. From Willendorf, Austria. Limestone, 41/4? (11 cm) high. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria//� Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

7. The Bronze Age (3000-1000 B.C.E.) Mesopotamia Sumerian (3500-2350 B.C.E.) Semitic (2350-612 B.C.E.) Egypt Aegean Cultures

8. Sumerian Culture Agricultural/Urban settlements �Fertile Crescent� Writing/record-keeping: Cuneiform Shared system of religious belief Civil ruler / Religious rulers

9. Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh ruled at Uruk c. 2700 B.C.E. Composed in Sumerian (2000 B.C.E.) on cuneiform tablets Pessimistic work Asserts universal questions about human existence

10. Semitic Culture Akkadian Period King Sargon and descendants (2350-2150 B.C.E.) Focus on HUMAN achievement Gutian invasion / return to tradition Babylonian Legacy King Hammurabi Assyrians Culmination of Mesopotamian culture

11. 1.8 Ziggurat at Ur, Iraq, c. 2100�2000 bce. Mudbrick faced with baked brick laid in bitumen. Ur, Iraq//� Topham/The Image Works1.8 Ziggurat at Ur, Iraq, c. 2100�2000 bce. Mudbrick faced with baked brick laid in bitumen. Ur, Iraq//� Topham/The Image Works

12. 1.9 Seated Statue of Gudea, c. 2100 bce. From Telloh, Iraq. Diorite, 171/4? (43.8 cm) high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA//Image copyright � The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY1.9 Seated Statue of Gudea, c. 2100 bce. From Telloh, Iraq. Diorite, 171/4? (43.8 cm) high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA//Image copyright � The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY

13. 1.10 Stele of Hammurabi (upper part), c. 1780 bce. From Susa, Iran. Basalt, entire stele height 7�4? (2.25 m) high. Louvre, Paris, France//� R�union des Mus�es Nationaux (Herv� Lewandowki)/Art Resource, NY 1.10 Stele of Hammurabi (upper part), c. 1780 bce. From Susa, Iran. Basalt, entire stele height 7�4? (2.25 m) high. Louvre, Paris, France//� R�union des Mus�es Nationaux (Herv� Lewandowki)/Art Resource, NY

14. Fall of Mesopotamia Medes Nomadic warriors Conquered Nineveh in 612 B.C.E. Conquered and absorbed by Persians Persians Nomadic warriors Conquered by Alexander the Great (330 B.C.E.)

15. Ancient Egypt Manetho�s History of Egyptian Greek 31 dynasties / 4 groups: Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.E.) Middle Kingdom (1990 B.C.E.) New Kingdom (1570 B.C.E.) Late Period (1185-500 B.C.E.)

16. Ancient Egyptian Culture Unified and consistent Resistant to change Worldview affected by external events

17. Political Structure Pharaoh Head of the central government Regarded as a living god Exercised absolute power Ordered and controlled visible world Priests Preservation of religious beliefs Divine kingship of Pharaohs

18. Egyptian Religion Obsession with immortality / life after death Book of the Dead Osiris, Isis, Horus Deities, subdeities, nature spirits Responsible for all aspects of existence

19. Egyptian Art Principal function of artists: to produce images of deities Form of worship Standards set forth by Pharaoh Artists also provided temples and shrines for honoring deities

20. The Old Kingdom Imhotep First architect known to history Pyramids Funerary monuments for pharaohs, upper class Mummification Preservation of the body was necessary for the survival of the soul

21. Great Age of the Pyramid Pyramids at Giza (Dynasty IV) Cheops Chefren Mycerinus Who built the pyramids? Farmers Slaves

22. Pyramids Constructed of limestone blocks Quarried, ferried, cut, dragged into place Center chamber contained mummified body of pharaoh surrounded by treasures Plundered by robbers

23. Chefren�s Sphinx Created as the guardian for Chefren�s tomb at Giza Adopted as a divine symbol of the mysterious and enigmatic (Greeks)

24. 1.13 The Great Sphinx, c. 2575�2525 bce. At Gizeh, Egypt. Sandstone, c. 65� (19.8 m) high, 240� (73.2 m) long. � Steve Vidler/SuperStock1.13 The Great Sphinx, c. 2575�2525 bce. At Gizeh, Egypt. Sandstone, c. 65� (19.8 m) high, 240� (73.2 m) long. � Steve Vidler/SuperStock

25. Art of the Old Kingdom Reflects confidence and certainty Idealized realism Conceptual, symbolic

26. Art of the Middle Kingdom Loss of trust in divine providence Artists attempted to recapture lofty serenity of Old Kingdom Troubled spirit captured in weight and somber expressions

27. The New Kingdom Artistic traditions continued Conceptual Pharaoh Amenhotep IV/ �Akhenaton� Massive religious/political reform Tel el-Amarna Art Tutankhamen Howard Carter (1922-1923)

28. 1.16 Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three of Their Children, c. 1370�1350 bce. From Amarna, Egypt. Limestone relief, 17? (43 cm) high. �gyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany//� Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY1.16 Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three of Their Children, c. 1370�1350 bce. From Amarna, Egypt. Limestone relief, 17? (43 cm) high. �gyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany//� Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

29. 1.17 Queen Nefertiti, c. 1355�1335 bce. From Tel el-Amarna, Egypt. Painted limestone, 20? (50.8 cm) high. �gyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany//� Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Margarete B�sing)/Art Resource, NY1.17 Queen Nefertiti, c. 1355�1335 bce. From Tel el-Amarna, Egypt. Painted limestone, 20? (50.8 cm) high. �gyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany//� Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Margarete B�sing)/Art Resource, NY

30. 1.19 Death Mask of Tutankhamen, c. 1323 bce. From Thebes, Egypt. Gold with inlay of semiprecious stones, 1�91/4? (54 cm) high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt//� Fran�ois Guenet/Art Resource, NY1.19 Death Mask of Tutankhamen, c. 1323 bce. From Thebes, Egypt. Gold with inlay of semiprecious stones, 1�91/4? (54 cm) high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt//� Fran�ois Guenet/Art Resource, NY

31. 1.20 Temple of Ramses II, c. 1275�1225 bce. At Abu Simbel (now relocated), Egypt. Colossi c. 65� (19.8 m) high. � Vanni/Art Resource, NY1.20 Temple of Ramses II, c. 1275�1225 bce. At Abu Simbel (now relocated), Egypt. Colossi c. 65� (19.8 m) high. � Vanni/Art Resource, NY

32. The Late Period Artists revisited earlier period styles Recapture realism, volume Return to pyramid-shaped tombs Egypt invaded by Nubians (the Cush) 750-720 B.C.E. Nubians and Nobatae preserved ancient culture

33. Aegean Culture Crete King Minos / Knossos Cyclades Islands Bronze tools Imaginative/humorous pottery Marble statues/idols

34. 1.22 Cycladic idol, c. 2500 bce. From Cyclades, Greece. Marble, 191/4? (50 cm) high. British Museum, London, UK//� British Museum/Art Resource, NY1.22 Cycladic idol, c. 2500 bce. From Cyclades, Greece. Marble, 191/4? (50 cm) high. British Museum, London, UK//� British Museum/Art Resource, NY

35. The Bronze Age in Crete Arthur Evans, 1894-1900 Early Minoan Increasing growth Contacts with Egypt and Mesopotamia Scattered Towns

36. Middle Minoan Evolution of large urban centers Art = lively and colorful Little interest in monumental art Light-wells Writing system of hieroglyphic signs (Linear A and Linear B)

37. [Image 1.22] Palace of Minos at Knossos 1.23 Ruins of the Palace of Minos, Knossos (Crete), Greece, c. 1600�1400 bce. Note the Minoan columns tapering downward and on the wall below, the faint remains of a fresco of a giant, charging bull. This image would have been the first impression of Knossos for many visitors because the walkway (on the right) led to this main north entrance of the palace. {� Gail Mooney/CORBIS}1.23 Ruins of the Palace of Minos, Knossos (Crete), Greece, c. 1600�1400 bce. Note the Minoan columns tapering downward and on the wall below, the faint remains of a fresco of a giant, charging bull. This image would have been the first impression of Knossos for many visitors because the walkway (on the right) led to this main north entrance of the palace. {� Gail Mooney/CORBIS}

38. [Image 1.25] Wasp Pendant 1.26 Wasp Pendant, c. 1700 bce. From Mallia (Crete), Greece. Gold, 17/8? (5 cm) wide. Heraklion Museum, Crete, Greece/The Art Archive//Gianni Dagli Orti1.26 Wasp Pendant, c. 1700 bce. From Mallia (Crete), Greece. Gold, 17/8? (5 cm) wide. Heraklion Museum, Crete, Greece/The Art Archive//Gianni Dagli Orti

39. [Image 1.27] Snake Goddess 1.26 Wasp Pendant, c. 1700 bce. From Mallia (Crete), Greece. Gold, 17/8? (5 cm) wide. Heraklion Museum, Crete, Greece/The Art Archive//Gianni Dagli Orti1.26 Wasp Pendant, c. 1700 bce. From Mallia (Crete), Greece. Gold, 17/8? (5 cm) wide. Heraklion Museum, Crete, Greece/The Art Archive//Gianni Dagli Orti

40. Late Minoan Period of rebuilding after earthquakes High point of Minoan culture Wall paintings Religion centered upon mother goddess connected with fertility

41. [Image 1.28] Funerary Mask 1.29 Funerary mask, c. 1600�1500 bce. From Grave Circle A, Shaft Grave V, Mycenae, Greece. Beaten gold, 101/8? (26 cm) high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece// � Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY1.29 Funerary mask, c. 1600�1500 bce. From Grave Circle A, Shaft Grave V, Mycenae, Greece. Beaten gold, 101/8? (26 cm) high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece// � Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY

42. Mycenaean Culture Heinrich Schliemann, 1870-1873 The Trojan War (1250 B.C.E.) Strongly influenced by Minoan Culture Art = preoccupied with death and war Fall of the Mycenaean empire (1200 B.C.E.)

43. Chapter 1: Discussion Questions What can be determined about the roles of women in early civilizations based on their artistic depictions? Explain, citing examples from each culture. Based on the universal questions evoked in the Epic of Gilgamesh, what can we assume about the Sumerian people and their lifestyles? In what ways are their concerns shared by people of our culture and generation? Explain. What role did geography play in the development and preservation of Ancient Egyptian culture? In what fundamental ways was Egyptian culture different from the Mesopotamian and Aegean cultures? Discuss the role of the archeologist. What impact do the discoveries of ancient cultures have on us today? Explain.