RF POWER AMPLFIERS (3)

1. RF POWER AMPLFIERS (3) MihaiAlbulet윤석현

2. 2.7 Broadband Matching Circuit • Broadband impedance matching 이 최선이라도, 종래의 transformer 는 거의 RF power amplifier 에서 유용하지 않다. • Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer.

3. Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer

4. Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer • Primary 와 secondary coil에 걸린 voltage 는 coil 의 감긴 수 (turn)에 비례. • Coli 에 흐르는 전류는 감긴 수에 반 비례.

5. Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer • The following presentation of these frequency limitation is base on the lumped equivalent circuit of the wideband transformer shown in figure 2-73

6. Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer • Is the load resistance referred to primary winding • r1 is the series resistance of the primary winding is the series resistance of the secondary winding referred to the primary • Rcmodels the power loss in the magnetic core

7. Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer • Fig 2-73 을 low, middle, high 로 주파수 범위 구분하여 equivalent 회로 만든다. • Mid band 에서 리액턴스값 무시. Rc may be ignored, although it should be included in the equivalent circuit if the power level is high and/or the power loss in the magnetic core is significant

8. Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer Lower frequency The capacitance and the leakage inductance are negligible Shunt inductance Lp become important Shunt inductance Lp가 low frequency 제한의 주 원인.

9. Basic Limitation of the convention Transformer • High frequency • The Capacitance and the leakage inductance become important . • Lp and Rcnegligible, and r’1 and r’2 are usually ignored

10. Transmission-Line Transformer • In the transmission-line transformer the coil are arranged so that interwinding capacitance combine with the inductance to form a transmission line. • As a result, the high-frequency response is limited by the parasitics which have not been absorbed into the characteristic impedance of the transmission line or by the deviation of the characteristic impedance from its optimum values

11. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer • The bifilar coil is usually constructed by coiling a transmission line around a ferrite core, or by threading the line through ferrite beads

12. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer • Bifilar coil 에 흐르는 전류를 odd-mode (io) 와 even mode(ie)로 나눌 수 있다. • the odd-mode current 는 무시할만한 external magnetic field 를 발생. • 그 결과, adjacent turns 사이에서 magnetic coupling 이 발생하지 않고 , 같은 길이의 전송선과 같아 진다. • The even-mode current 는 in-phase equal magnetic fields 발생, 그 결과 인덕턴스가 높을 때 standard coil L 과 같아 진다. • Inductance L이 상당히 높으면 , even-mode 전류는 무시 할 만큼 작아지고, odd-mode 로만 작용.

13. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer (a) The bifilar coil behave as a delay line.

14. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer (b) Fig 2-78 은 phase inverter. L 의 리액턴스가 RL 보다 커지면 단지 odd-mode 로 전류흐른다. V1 과 V2 는 out-of-phase. (c) Fig 2-78은 balun (balanced-to-unbalanced) configuration RL 의 중심이 left off 이면 두 windings 의 전류는 equal 이고 opposite 하다. The reactance of RL is connected to ground, as shown in fig 2-78( c) ,the reactance of L must be far greater than RL to assure that the even-mode currents are negligible and the load is balanced to ground

15. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer • Fig 2-79

16. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer • The two bifilar coils are in parallel at the low-impedance side (signal source) and in series at the high-impedance side(the load) Characteristic impedance Z0=RL/2 , R=RL/2 (Fig 2-80)

17. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer • Characteristic impedance Z0=nRL , (Fig 2-81)

18. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer Guanella’s transmission-line transformer 제한 • transmission-line 의 characteristic impedance 에 의해 흡수되지 않은 parasitic 성분. • 주파수에 따른 Z0 의변화. • 증가하는 주파수에 따른 transmission-line 에서 power loss 증가.

19. Ganella’s Transmission-Line Transformer • Low-frequency model of Guanella’s 1:4 Transmission-Line Transformer -

20. Low-frequency model of Guanella’s 1:4 Transmission-Line Transformer 1. the circuit is used as a balun with floating load, i.e , Only terminal (1,5) is ground. The low frequency response is given by the magnetizing inductance (that shunt the signal source), comprised of winding 3-4 in series with winding 6-5. • If two transmission lines are coiled on separate core, the magnetic inductance is the sum of the two inductance (3-4 and 6-5). • If two transmission lines are coiled on the same core, the magnetic coupling between them must be considered.

21. Low-frequency model of Guanella’s 1:4 Transmission-Line Transformer 2. The circuit is used as an unun transformer, with terminal (1,5) And 2 connected to ground. Consequently, winding 1-2 is shorted, as is winding 3-4. a. If two core are used, winding 5-6 and 7-8 are not affected by shorted winding 1-2 and 3-4. 저주파 응답은 winding 5-6 and 7-8 에 의해 제공됨. 둘 사이에 magnetic coupling 발생. b. If one core is used, winding 5-6 and 7-8 are also shorted,resulting in a very poor low-frequency response. If a good low-frequency unun transformer response is needed, it is best

22. Low-frequency model of Guanella’s 1:4 Transmission-Line Transformer • Ruthroff’s Transformer-line Transformer Ruthroff’s Transformer-line Transformer mainly sums a direct voltage (or current) with a delay voltage (or current ) , which transverses a transmission lines.

23. Ruthroff’s Transformer-line Transformer a. Winding 은 충분한 길이의 리액턴스를 가진다. 그래서 단지 odd-mode current 가 bifilar coil 에 흐른다. b. 이 회로의 주요 목적은 signal source Vs 로부터 Load RL 까지 wide frequency band 내에서 power 의 maximum 전송을 얻는 것이다.

24. Ruthroff’s Transformer-line Transformer • The low-frequency model of the Ruthoff 1:4 transformer is shown in Fig 2-87 • 이 회로는 1:4 autotransformer 와 매우 유사함.

25. Ruthroff’s Transformer-line Transformer • Fig 2-87 (a) 의 더 간단한 형태가 Fig 2-87 (b) • Core magnetizing inductance LM 의하여 shunt 된 ideal transformer 로 대체됨. • Low frequency 를 향상시키기 위한 방법은 LM 증가. • LM 의 증가 방법 a. Bifilar coil 의 turn 수 증가. b. Magnetic coil 의 permeability 증가 c. Coil 의 effective cross-sectional area 증가 d. 코일에서 average magnetic path length 감소 a, c 는 전송선 길이의 증가에 의해 발생.

26. Other types of Transmission-line Transformers • A general synthesis procedure for an arbitrary impedance ratio (where m and n are integers) 이 기술은 Guanella’s circuit 과 비교해 더 복잡하고 확장적 기술.

27. Other types of Transmission-line Transformers • Fig 2-90 은 3:5 voltage ratio transformer ( 즉 9:25 impedance ratio)

28. Other types of Transmission-line Transformers • Fig 2-91 은 bottom transformer line 이 1:4 Ruthroffunun로 연결. Top transformer line 은 Guanella 1:1 balun로 연결.

29. Other types of Transmission-line Transformers

30. 2.8 Gain Leveling and VSWR Correction • Broadband RF power amplifiers often create two additional problem a. The overall gain must be relatively flat over the operating frequency range fmin …. fmax. b. The input VSWR of the amplifier must be kept within a specified range (for example, 2:1 or lower) over the operating frequency range. 두 가지 문제가 각각 따로 논의 되었더라도 각각의 문제는 서로 완전히 분리 할 수 없다. 두 가지 문제 모두 amplifier input 과 feedback path의 다양한 R,C,L 성분에 의해 해결 된다.

31. Gain Leveling and VSWR Correction Broadband amplifier 에서 gain disparity 는 10~15 dB 보다 훨씬 크다. Gain leveling 의 가능한 해결책은 frequency-dependent shunt feedback 을 사용. Cf is a DC-blocking capacitor. Lf tend to increase The impedance of the feedback path with The operating frequency, Preserving amplifier gain at Higher frequencies At lower frequencies, the feedback become stronger, decreasing amplifiers gain as well as the input impedance Zin

32. Gain Leveling and VSWR Correction • Fig 2-96 은 degenerative feedback CE reduce the gain at low frequencies 이미터 회로에서 원하지 않는 parasitic capacitance 를제거 하기 어려움.

33. Gain Leveling and VSWR Correction Gain leveling can also be accomplished using RLC network, as Fig 2-97. At low frequencies, L has a low reactance while C has a high reactance. 그 결과 base-emitter junction 의 power 양 감소 ->Overall gain 감소. At high frequencies, L 과 C 는 power gain을 보존하는 R1 , R2 영향을 제거함. 그래서 input impedance는 주파수 또한 변화시킴.

34. Gain Leveling and VSWR Correction Four-reactance networks can also be used for broadband matching (see Fig 2-99). A four-reactance networks is able to transform load impedance R into Rin, at two frequencies.

35. 2.9 Amplitude Modulation Three basic procedures can be used to obtain a high-power AM signal: 1. base bias modulation 2. AM signal amplification 3.collector modulation 1. base bias modulation Low frequency modulating signal 은 class c 의 base bias 를 control 하기 위해 사용됨.Base bias voltage 가 conduction angle 에 영향. 그래서 AM signal 로 output signal 발생. 단점 a. 낮은 efficiency b. modulation 특성의 비선형성 c. signal level 에 따라 달라지는 base-emitter capacitance 값의 변화 때문에 amplifier 가 잘못된 동작상태에서 modulation signal 제공.

36. Amplitude Modulation 2. Am signal amplification SSB transmission 널리 사용. SSB signal 은 low power level 에서 쉽게 동작하고 바람직한 power level 에서 선형적 증폭. Class AB push pull amplifier 로 동작 가능. 3. Collector modulation Solid state RF amplifier 에서 사용된 amplitude modulation 의 주요 형태. AM double sideband (DSB) signal 얻을 수 있다. In an envelope elimination and restoration (EER) system, collector modulation can be used to generate any type of AM signal

37. The basic circuit of collector-modulated RF amplifier

38. The basic circuit of collector-modulated RF amplifier 1.이 회로의 중요한 이점은 RF amplifier 가 high efficiency 로 동작. 2. 주요 단점은 modulating signal 이 high power level 에서 증폭 되야 함. As a result, the efficiency of this amplifier is also important for the overall efficiency of transmitter. The modulation transformer must be able to low frequency, high power signals with low distortion and high efficiency.

39. Amplitude Modulation

40. Class C Frequency Multipliers Frequency multipliers 는 master oscillator 의주파수를 multiplier하거나 modulation index 의 증가시키기 위해 사용된다. Class C frequency multiplier 는 Class Cpower amplifier 와 같은 schematic 을 가짐. The only difference is that the collector resonant circuit is tuned to the desired harmonics, suppressing all other harmonics

41. Class C Frequency Multipliers The variation of the maximum collector efficiency with the conduction angle , for a Class C amplifier (n=1), a double (n=2) , and a tripler (n=3) is shown in Fig 2-102 . Collector efficiency decreases as The multiplying order N increases

42. Class C Frequency Multipliers A problem common to any type of frequency multiplier is the output voltage damping (Fig 2-104) This effect become stronger as multiplication factor n increase and output Q decreases.

43. 2.11 Stability of RF power Amplifiers RF power amplifier instability manifests itself in spurious oscillations. These oscillation can occur at frequencies related or unrelated to the operating frequency (for example, harmonics or subharmonics ). • Spurious oscillation can occur under a particular set operating condition, such as frequency, bias, signal level, load impedance, and temperature. • Some different oscillation mechanisms may coexist in the same circuit. • It is very difficult to construct a model of the RF power amplifier. • Achieving stability may require some sacrifice of gain, selectivity, or overall efficiency.

44. Linear Feedback • Positive linear feedback can be caused by transistor interelectrode capacitances and load inductance or by capacitive or magnetic coupling between the input and output circuit. • RF power amplifier is always a nonlinear system .Even Class A amplifier is nonlinear system. • In these case, the quasi-linear approach must used, and the non linear element of the circuit must be replaced by their linear equivalent. • The main problem is active device. • The transistor parameters change during the RF cycle. • The conditions required to start or sustain oscillation could be fulfilled only for certain values of DC-supply voltage and RF signal level.

45. Linear Feedback In most RF power amplifier it is almost impossible to separate linear feedback from feedback mechanisms. Consequently, it is desirable to avoid or to reduce linear feedback as much as possible.

46. Thermal Feedback RF power transistor often dissipate a significant amount of power that is converted to heat. The operating temperature of the junction is determined by the dissipated power, and the thermal resistance of the transistor, heatsink, and ,mounting hardware.

47. Oscillation Caused by the Transistor Bias Network. • Experience shows that if the RF chokes and damping effects are improperly chosen, self-oscillation may appear in RF power amplifiers. • Am explanation of this behavior is based on nonlinear oscillation mechanism in the transistor bias network. • A possible positive feedback path may be established in the circuit. The oscillation appears at a frequency lower than the intended operating frequency. • To avoid this type of oscillation, it is best to provide resistive damping in the base bias circuit (Fig 20-106)

48. Oscillation Caused by the Transistor Bias Network.

49. Parametric Oscillation • The theory of circuit with variable parameter show that oscillations can be generated by periodically varying the parameter (capacitance or inductance) of one of the energy-storing elements of a tuned circuit. • Parametric oscillation usually occurs at a subharmonic of the circuit operating frequency (f/k, where f is the operating frequency and k is an integer), although it is no necessary that the oscillation frequency is an integer submultiple of f.

50. Load current Drawn through Base-collector junction in Forward Coduction • Such oscillation may occur if the base-collector junction is forced into forward conduction part of RF cycle. • The direct connect between the input and output tuned circuit may cause oscillation.