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Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders. Chapter 13 George S. Robinson, Jr., Ph.D. Department of Psychology North Carolina A&T State University. Abnormal Behavior. Criteria of Abnormality statistical rarity interference with normal functioning personal distress deviance from social norms

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Psychological Disorders

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  1. Psychological Disorders Chapter 13 George S. Robinson, Jr., Ph.D. Department of Psychology North Carolina A&T State University

  2. Abnormal Behavior • Criteria of Abnormality • statistical rarity • interference with normal functioning • personal distress • deviance from social norms • Abnormal (definition) • term used to describe behavior that is rare or dysfunctional, causes personal distress, or deviates from social norms

  3. Insanity • Insanity • legal ruling that a person accused of a crime is not held responsible for that act; defined in most states as the inability to tell the difference between right and wrong at the time the crime is committed

  4. Models of Abnormal Behavior • Medical model • psychological models • psychodynamic model • behavioral model • cognitive model • sociocultural model • biopsychosocial model

  5. Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders • DSM-IV - diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders • labeling • prevalence - percentage in the population with the disorder • incidence - rate of new cases reported in a population

  6. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety- general feeling of apprehension characterized by behavioral, cognitive, or physiological symptoms • phobias • panic disorder • generalized anxiety disorder • obsessive-compulsive disorder

  7. Somatoform Disorders • Somatoform disorders - disorders involving physical complaints that do not have a known medical cause but are related to psychological factors • hypochondriasis • somatization disorder • conversion disorder

  8. Dissociative Disorder • Dissociative disorder - disorders affecting a function of the mind, such as memory for events, knowledge of one’s identity, or consciousness • dissociative amnesia • dissociative fugue • dissociative identity disorder • (multiple personality disorder)

  9. Mood Disorders • Depression • Symptoms: sadness, reduced energy, lack of interest in activities, sleep disturbances, eating disturbances, excessive crying, possible thoughts of suicide • Dysthymic disorder (dysthymia) • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) • Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive) • Cyclothymic disorder (cyclothymia)

  10. Causes of Mood Disorders • Biological explanations • Genetic • Neurotransmitters • Psychodynamic explanation • Cognitive and behavioral explanations • Learned helplessness – belief that one cannot control outcomes through one’s actions • Hopelessness – belief system and the way they explain the situation • Arbitrary inference – conclusion drawn in the absence of supporting information

  11. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia • Psychotic disorder characterized by positive symptoms (excesses) such as delusions, hallucinations, and fluent but disorganized speech or negative symptoms (deficits) such as flat or blunted affect

  12. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Positive symptoms • Delusions, hallucinations (auditory, visual, somatosensory), disturbed emotions, loose associations, word salad, clang associations (i.e., eating wires and lighting fires) • Negative symptoms • Poverty of speech, poverty of content, avolition (difficulty making decisions), flattened affect, social withdrawal, apathy,

  13. Subtypes of Schizophrenia • Catatonic • Unusual motor symptoms • Disorganized • Incoherent speech, inappropriate affect • Paranoid • Delusions of persecution or grandeur, auditory hallucinations • Residual • No delusions, hallucinations, or incoherent language, but continuation of social withdrawal and odd beliefs • Undifferentiated • Diagnosis that do not fit other subtypes

  14. Causes of Schizophrenia • Genetic (strong link) • Neurochemical (overactive dopamine) • Enlarged ventricles • Smaller thalamus • Stress and environmental factors

  15. Personality Disorders • Personality disorders • Class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

  16. Personality Disorders – cont. • 1. Anxious / fearful • Avoidant personality disorder • A pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation • Dependent personality disorder • A pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder • A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

  17. Personality Disorders – cont. • 2. Odd / eccentric • Schizotypal personality disorder • A pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior • Paranoid personality disorder • A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent

  18. Personality Disorders – cont. • 3. dramatic / impulsive • Histrionic personality disorder • A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking • Narcissistic personality disorder • A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy • Borderline personality disorder • A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity • Antisocial personality disorder • A pattern of disregard for, and violation of the rights of others

  19. Etiology of Personality Disorders • Lack of inhibitions (biological predisposition) • Dysfunctional family • Learned behavior

  20. Sexual Disorders • Gender identity disorder (transsexualism) • Sexual disorder characterized by a person’s belief that he or she was born with the wrong biological sex organs • Paraphilia • Sexual arousal by objects or situations not considered sexual by most people • Fetishism • Paraphilia involving sexual arousal by unusual objects or body parts

  21. Sexual Disorders – Paraphilias • Exhibitionism – compulsion to expose one’s genitals in public • Fetishism – nonhuman object preferred for sexual arousal • Frotteurism – sexual arousal by rubbing nonconsenting persons • Klismaphilia – sexual arousal linked to giving or receiving enemas • Mysophilia – arousal from presence or use of filth • Necrophilia – pleasure from viewing or having contact with a corpse • Pedophilia – sexual relations with children as preferred method • Sexual sadism and masochism – sexual gratification linked to pain • Transvestic fetishism – arousal by wearing opposite-sex clothing • Voyeurism – desire to watch others having sexual relations • Zoophilia – sexual activity with animals

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