I. The Stage is Set

1. I. The Stage is Set A. The Pursuit of Peace

2. 1. ALFRED NOBEL a) Swedish inventor of dynamite

3. b) Regretted military uses of invention c) Set up Nobel Peace Prize to reward people who worked for peace

4. 2. Pacifism a) Opposition to all war b) Women’s suffrage organizations supported pacifism

5. 3. Hague Tribunal a) In 1899, world leaders attended the First Universal Peace Conference. b) A World Court to settle disputes between nation

7. B. Aggressive Nationalism 1. France & Germany a) France was bitter about their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian war

8. b) German occupation of the border provinces of Alsace & Lorraine

9. 2. Eastern Europe a) Pan Slavism – Nationalism shared by all Slavic Nationalities

10. b) Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Turkey felt threaten by new nations on their borders 1) joined Central Powers

11. C. Rivalries Among European Powers 1. Economic rivalry

12. a) Britain felt threatened b) Germany thought the other great powers did not give them enough respect

13. 2. Imperialism a) Competition for colonies brought France & Germany to the “brink of war”

14. 3. Militarism and the Arms Race a) Nations made political & national alliances b) Glorification of the Military was a positive force

15. c) “Social Darwinism” – survival of the fittest d) Fiercest competition was between Britain & Germany

16. D. A Tangle of Alliances 1. Distrustled to treaties pledging to defend one another

18. 2. 1882 – Triple Alliance a) Italy b) Austria – Hungary c) Germany 1. Joined to protect itself against France

19. 3. 1914 – Germany & Austria-Hungary became known as the Central Powers

20. 4. 1904 – France & Britain signed an Entent • Non-binding agreement to follow common policies • When Russia joined they become know as the Allies

22. II. The Guns of August

23. A. Assassination in Sarajevo 1. Serbian Outrage a) Viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors

24. b) Members of Unity or Death, a Serbian terrorist group sought revenge 1) “Black Hand”

25. 2. The Fatal Shots a) Gavrilo Princip assassinated the tyrants

26. (1) The Archduke Francis Ferdinand & his wife

27. (a) Heir to the Austrian throne

29. B. The Conflict Widens 1. A harsh Ultimatum a) Austria sent Serbia a final set of demands

30. 1) All involved must be punished 2) Must end all anti-Austrian agitation

31. b) July 28, 1914 Austria Declared war on Serbia

32. 2. From Capital to Capital a) German Kaiser gave full support to Austria b) Serbia asked Russia for help

33. c) Russia began to mobilize for war d) Russia appeals to France e) Germany declares war on France

35. 3. The Schlieffen Plan a) Italy & Britain remained neutral (1) policy of supporting neither side in a war

37. b) General Alfred Von Schlieffen (1) Avoid a 2 front war (2) Germany had to defeat France quickly

38. (3) Then fight Russia (4) German armies would march through Belgium & swing south behind French lines

40. (5) Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium forced Britain to declare war on Germany

42. C. The Historians’ View 1. “The Guns of August” a)A widely read study of the outbreak of war by Barbara Tuchman

43. 2. People on both sides were equally committed to military action

44. 3. Militarism was one of the forces that led to the outbreak of war in Europe

46. III. A New Kind of Conflict A. The Western Front

48. 1. Stalemate a) Neither side was able to defeat the other

50. b) Russia mobilizedforces more quickly than expected