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UNIT 2

UNIT 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 2.1. Life in the Ancien Regime. Life in the Ancien Regime. Population doubles in the 16th century. The 18th century witnesses explosive population growth. France had 18 million in 1715 and 26 million by 1789. . Reasons for Population Growth.

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UNIT 2

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  1. UNIT 2 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  2. 2.1 Life in the Ancien Regime Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  3. Life in the Ancien Regime • Population doubles in the 16th century. • The 18th century witnesses explosive population growth. • France had 18 million in 1715 and 26 million by 1789. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  4. Reasons for Population Growth • Less famine in the 18th century. • Harvests improved. • Hygiene and sanitation improved. • Wars killed fewer people. • New foods. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  5. The Revolution in Agriculture • Industrial Revolution. • New methods of farming. • Agriculture is commercialized. • Peasants who were left to fend for themselves against nature and the marketplace. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  6. The Family in Early Modern Europe • Household was the primary organization. • Marriage occurred later in life. • Illegitimacy increased. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  7. Status and Class • Three Estates; Nobles, Clergy and the rest of the population. • People received the rights afforded their estate. • Nobles and Clergy were exempt from many taxes. • The merchant class demands a political voice. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  8. How Do Divisions in Society Lead to Problems? • No political place for the new urban middle class. • Peasants resented the leftovers of feudal dues. • Taxed peasants/merchants and untaxed Nobility and Clergy. • Louis XVI lacks the charisma of the Sun King. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  9. 2.3 Background Causes of the French Revolution Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  10. Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution • The Estate System. • Taxation. • War and Court Spending. • Weak Monarchs. • Growth of Trade. • The Age of the Enlightenment. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  11. Short-Term Causes • French Aid to the American Revolution (1776-83). • American Revolutionary Ideas. • The Character of King Louis XVI. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  12. The Immediate Causes • Money. • Bad Harvests. • Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General. • The National Assembly is Created. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  13. Major Events: The Revolution Begins (1789-91) • The Bastille is stormed. • The peasants storm the 40 000 Bastilles. • The National Guard is formed. • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. • The March to Versailles. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  14. 2.4: The Government of the French Revolution Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  15. Three Phases of the French Revolution • Liberal Revolution1789-92. • Radical Revolution1792-94. • Thermidorean Reaction1794-99. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  16. The Legislative Assembly • At the left of the political spectrum were the Jacobins. • 30 Jacobins in the Legislative Assembly. • The center of the spectrum were the Girondins. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  17. The Legislative Assembly • 250 members in the Legislative Assembly. • The right of the political spectrum were the Feuillants. • 20 members. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  18. The Constitution of 1791 • France will be a hereditary constitutional monarchy. • France will have a parliament. • There was to be a separate executive. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  19. The Constitution of 1791 • All judges in France were to be elected. • The franchise (right to vote) was to be given to all who paid taxes equivalent to 3 days wages or more. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  20. Good and Bad Points of the National Assembly • It produced the Declaration of the Rights of Man. • Established a limited monarchy in France. • The Church was curbed in France. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  21. Good and Bad Points of the National Assembly • There was no universal suffrage. • Finances were not properly handled. • Slavery was still allowed in French colonies. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  22. Why Does the Revolution become More Radical? • Disaffection with the Revolution was growing among the lower classes, especially the peasantry. • The war with Austria and Prussia went very badly. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  23. Why Does the Revolution become More Radical? • Convinced that the king was behind the invasion, a Paris mob attacked the royal palace. • Volunteer National Guardsmen arrived from all over France. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  24. Events of the Second Phase of the Revolution • Begins on August 10, 1792 • The Paris Commune executed about twelve hundred people in the September Massacres. • The sans-culottes drove the radical revolution. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  25. Second Phase of the Revolution • Inequality of any kind was to be abolished. • The aristocracy and the monarchy was to be abolished. • The Convention was created. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  26. The Convention (1792-95) • The Convention declared France a Republic. • The radical Jacobins condemn the King’s treachery during the war with Prussia. • King Louis XVI was executed on January 21, 1793. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  27. The Convention (1792-95) • Protection of the gains made during the Revolution. • The elimination of those elements which might endanger the new society. • The Committee of Public Safety. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  28. The Reign of Terror or the Republic of Virtue? • France would become the Republic of Virtue. • The old system was founded on property, Christianity, and social distinction. • ‘The Cult of the Supreme Being’ became the official religion. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  29. The Reign of Terror or the Republic of Virtue? • Dictatorship of Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety. • Terror became fiercest in areas of rebellion and Paris. • Execution of 25 000 to 40 000 counter-revolutionaries and ‘enemies of the republic.’ Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  30. Why Resort to a Reign of Terror? • The outbreak of war in 1792. • Economic pressures. • A citizen army is drafted throughout France. • Enemies within France had to be silenced. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  31. The Thermidorean Reaction (1795-99) • In July 1794 the radical leaders of the Convention, including Robespierre, were either exterminated or powerless. • Committee of Public Safety is stripped of all its powers. • Monarchists and priests returned back to France. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  32. The Thermidorean Reaction • A Constitution is drafted in 1795. • France officially became a democratic republic and granted all adult males who could read and write the vote. • The monarch is replaced with a Directory of five men. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  33. Achievements and Problems of the French Revolution • Brought an end to the final pieces of feudalism. • Radical Revolution introduced the National army, the metric system and abolished slavery in the colonies. • Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  34. Achievements and Problems of the French Revolution • Nationalism and citizenship. • The Reign of Terror. • Committee of Public Safety: 20th century totalitarian state. Unit 2 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

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