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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812 - 1824. Chapter 12 EU. Analyze how the aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American Nationalism that was reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy.

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812 - 1824

  2. Chapter 12 EU • Analyze how the aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American Nationalism that was reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy.

  3. This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle of Lake Erie War of 1812 • Don’t go to war with an apathetic public • Don’t go to war with a bad military • Should have attacked Montreal (hub of Canada) • Fight in Canada where British troops are weakest and where Indians were • Napoleon was a distraction for Britain, so until 1814 with his defeat the British didn’t really care about the war with the US, but after that sent 10,000 plus soldiers to fight. • The Great Lakes were crucial

  4. Reasons for War of 1812 – “Mr. Madison’s War” • British impressment • Attacks on merchant ships • Chesapeake Incident • Tecumseh and The Prophet (blamed the British) • War Hawks in Congress (Henry Clay of KY, John Calhoun of S. Carolina) • Defense of Republican experiment • Conquest – “On to Canada!”

  5. Support / Opposition • Support for the War • Madison cited attacks on shipping, impressment and Indians • 79-49 vote in House • 19-13 Senate • South and West, Middle States of PA, VA • Opposition to the War • Federalists everywhere • New England – actually supported British military and hated Napoleon, opposed land acquisition in Canada (feared more farmers)

  6. Effects of the War of 1812 • Increased nationalism • Protection of manufacturing • Building roads (turnpikes) and canals • Defending the authority of the Federal government • Party realignment

  7. “On To Canada!” • Fighting in Canada • British were weakest there, distracted by fighting Napoleon • All invasions quickly beaten back by BR (did not try to take Montreal) • US Navy: fewer, but better ships than BR • Had better crews (sailors not press-ganged like BR) • Several important ships (USS Constitution – “Old Ironsides”) had thicker sides & better guns than BR • April 1813 we invaded York (Toronto) and burned the capital • Lake Erie battle: Sept 10, 1813, “We have met the enemy & they are ours!” – Perry (captured BR force on Lake Erie) • Control of the Great Lakes very important • Victory allowed U.S. to invade Canada • This victory over the British provided morale for the Americans, then BR are beaten at Battle of the Thames – 10-5-1813 (where Tecumseh is killed) • April 1814 Napoleon is defeated, so BR can now concentrate on fighting in US • Blockade entire US coast

  8. USS Constitution • USS CONSTITUTION is currently in a major three-year restoration process as she prepares for the Bicentennial of the War of 1812, in which Old Ironsides earned her now famous title and sealed her place in the history of American naval power.

  9. USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere; a significant event during the war

  10. On to Canada over Land & Lakes • Plattsburgh: September 11,1814; MacDonough stopped BR invasion of NY (BR forced to retreat) • victory saved NY from attack & New England from possible secession • Gave US stronger negotiating position for peace treaty in Europe

  11. Washington Burned & New Orleans Defended • Washington burned: August 1814 • Incl. Capitol and White House • Ft. McHenry: (as DC is burning) at nearby Baltimore • Did not surrender, despite heavy bombardment by BR ships • Inspired “Star-Spangled Banner” by Francis Scott Key

  12. An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key was inspired to write "The Star Spangled Banner".

  13. New Orleans Defended • New Orleans victory: January 8, 1815 • BR was threatening to take over mouth of Mississippi River • Jackson met BR army of 10,000 troops w/7,000 men to defend US port • BR made frontal attack on entrenched US soldiers • AJ lost 13 men (70 casualties) & BR lost 2,000 in ½ an hour • Actually happened 2 weeks AFTER Treaty of Ghent (ended the war) • Made AJ a HERO • Nationalism greatly increased in US • BR set up blockade (depression, revenues drop, Treasury bankrupt)

  14. Federalist Grievances & the Hartford Convention • The election of 1812 – Federalists nominate DeWitt Clinton (antiwar Republican) • Republicans re-nominate Madison • Results: Madison wins Notice the increasing sectionalism of the United States

  15. The Hartford Convention • Problems in New England • Shippers & merchants made money during war thru illegal trade w/Canada (the enemy) • Minority proposed secession or separate peace w/BR • Dec. 1814-Jan. 1815: Hartford Convention • Secret meeting called by Massachusetts • Mass, Conn, RI, NH, VT sent representatives • Goals: Moderates prevail over secession talk • Financial assistance from Washington for lost trade • Constitutional Amendments proposed to cripple Republican power • 1 term each for Prez • No Prez from same state in successive terms (VA) • End 3/5’s Compromise • 2/3 vote in congress to: admit new states, declare embargo or war • Reflected fear that S was too strong in national politics • Results: Federalist Party thought to be disloyal • Arrived after news of Battle of NO & Treaty of Ghent • *Death of the Federalist Party when rest of U.S. is so patriotic & optimistic

  16. Federalist Grievances & the Hartford Convention • Long-term impact of Federalist disunity • Until 1815 – far more talk in North about nullification and secession than in South • North’s ignoring embargo & hurting war effort were most serious instances of nullification prior to Civil War • South followed North’s lead to secession Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island Contemplate Abandoning the Union

  17. Treaty of Ghent • Belgium; brokered by Tsar Alexander of Russia • Trying to keep BR strong b/c they were his ally against Napoleon • 1814 BR losses at NY & Baltimore, along w/lack of support at home, led BR to compromise • Results: status quo (made no mention of issues of why we went to war-impressments, blockade, seizing ships, arming of Indians, etc) • * stalemate – no gain for either side • * armistice – cease fire, return conquered territory

  18. Terms of Treaty of Ghent • US Representatives • John Quincy Adams (President 1825-29) and Secretary of State under Monroe • Henry Clay of KY • Terms of treaty • Indian buffer zone in Great Lake regions • British control of Great Lakes • A majority of Maine • American response – NO! • Actual terms • armistice – stop fighting and go back to status quo – all original boundaries restored.

  19. Consequences of “The Second War for American Independence” • Worldwide acceptance of nation and diplomats • Indians lost most of their territory in North Ohio River Valley • Manufacturing boomed = greater economic independence • Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) and William Henry Harrison (1841) become war heroes – and Presidents. • Barbary War of 1815 – declared war on Algiers and finally ended piracy in Mediterranean. • “Uncle Sam” – our interpretation of “John Bull” • Increased Nationalism – Old Ironsides, White House, National Anthem, “Our country, right or wrong!” • Defeat of Napoleon (not a consequence, but coincidence) – no longer had to worry about Europe, return to “isolationism” • Westward expansion • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) US and Britain limit weapons on Great Lake, great unfortified border. Still in effect today. • Better relations with Britain

  20. Uncle Sam v John Bull

  21. Nascent Nationalism • Nationalism – spirit of national consciousness or national oneness • America emerged from war as one nation • Showed in national culture • 1820s – James F. Cooper & Washington Irving became internationally recognized authors (used American settings and themes) • School textbooks had been BR; now written in America • Webster’s speller • Painters painted American landscapes • Parson Weems: G. Washington fables • Decatur - “Our country, right or wrong!”

  22. Nascent Nationalism • Bank of US re-chartered in 1816 (after being disbanded in 1811) • Washington rebuilt • Army expanded • 1815 – Navy beat N. African pirates in Mediterranean • National Road “Cumberland Road” - 1818

  23. “The American System” • British “dumping” – merchants begin emptying their warehouses at discounted prices to stop new American industries from taking over the markets • Tariff of 1816: Protected tariff of N. Eng. industry (20%-25%) • First tariff for PROTECTION, not revenue; requested by business • S didn’t like it b/c it prevented purchase of low-cost BR goods • Nat’l financing of transportation systems (canals, roads) • Steamboat (1807 Robert Fulton) • Henry Clay: The American System • Strong banking system for easy & abundant credit • Protective tariff for manufacturing to grow (esp. in NE) • Network of roads and canals in OH valley for goods to go from S and W to N and E (raw materials from S & W, manufactured goods from N) • Paid for by tariffs • Would tie the nation together • Mills in the NE would use S cotton • Workers would wear cotton garments & eat W beef & grains • Sale of more cotton & food would enable S & W to buy more textiles & tools from E • infrastructure

  24. “The American System” • Many wanted gov’t-financed roads but attempts were stopped • Bonus Bill: Would have allotted $1.5 mil for internal improvements • Opposed by states and D-R as unconstitutional • Madison vetoed it, 1816, forcing states to build own infrastructure • **N. Eng area against this b/c of fear of people moving West & their loss of power in House • States forced to carry out own improvements (1825 NY Erie Canal)

  25. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings • 1816 -1820: “Era of Good feelings” • 1816 Election Results: Monroe elected over weak Federalist opposition • All electoral votes but 1 in 1820 • Political conflict virtually disappears (King the last Federalist to run for president) • End of the VA dynasty • misnomer: Economic depression • Resurgence of sectionalism; Bank of US; sale of public lands; slavery; internal improvements; tariff

  26. Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times • 1819 – economic panic that brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, debtors’ prisons • 1st depression: Lasted 3 yrs., caused by excessive land speculation in the W and unstable banks (wildcat) • BUS had helped cause this through easy lending and speculating itself • * liquidate debts: Selling assets • Impact of the depression • Nationalism declined • W hurt the most (BUS forced western “wildcat” banks to pay debts owed to BUS) • Western banks then had to foreclose on farms to get money to pay back BUS • W saw BUS as evil (eventually became part of A. Jackson’s constituency)

  27. Growing Pains of the West • By 1819, 9 states had been added (alternately free/slave) • Why? Immigrants from Europe, cheap land & transportation (Cumberland Road & steamships), new lands are safe (Indians defeated), continuation of westward expansion since 1607, land exhaustion from tobacco, speculators required only a small down payment • Land Act of 1820: Reduced price to $1.25 per acre • Internal improvements came slowly • * “Butternuts”: S farmers resettling in the old NW

  28. Slavery and Sectional Balance • Slave trade ended January 1, 1808 • Tallmadge Amendment: (to stop MO from coming in as a slave state)No more slaves in MO & for eventual emancipation of slave children at age 25 • Defeated in the Senate • In 1788, N&S had been equal in pop and wealth • Now N more populous and richer (N grew in strength in House of Reps) • N&S equal in Senate (11 states each) • S afraid Tallmadge Amendment might set precedent for rest of LA Purchase area for no slavery • Minority in N started to question morality of slavery; wanted to stop its spread into territories • Missouri Compromise: Clay (Great Compromiser) • 1820: MO -slave state & ME – free (to preserve balance) • 36 30’ (except for MO) • Just postpones the debate! • * “peculiar institution”: slavery • “firebell in the night”: TJ’s warning about slavery threatening the Union

  29. Slavery and Sectional Balance

  30. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise • South won MO as a slave state • N pleased that Congress could forbid slavery in remaining territories (in the future) • S had to accept the argument that slaves were not like other forms of property that could be moved around at will of the owner • N also pleased Congress could forbid slavery N of 36°30’ line • S accepted this since slavery not really suitable to prairie of territories • Really, the MO Compromise avoided the issue of slavery; it didn’t resolve it!

  31. John Marshall & Judicial Nationalism • Marshall followed HAMILTON’S ideas about a strong federal gov’t • Deplored democratic excesses & opposed open suffrage & rule of the masses • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): implied powers, strengthens federal authority by limiting states’ power (fed’l laws are supreme over state laws) • defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank • “the power to tax involves the power to destroy” • State cannot destroy part of federal gov’t • Marshall rules the bank is constitutional under doctrine of “implied powers” • Gov’t (based on Constitution) could act for benefit of people (new explanation of “loose construction”) The S.C. under C.J. Marshall upheld a powerful nat’l gov’t and conservative defense of property rights. The rulings checked the general mov’t towards states’ rights and popular democracy. He also helped create a stable, nationally uniform environment where businesses could do well. His rulings decreased power of state legislatures (elected) in spite of nat’l mood in favor of greater democracy.

  32. John Marshall & Judicial Nationalism • Supreme Court Cases • Cohens v. Virginia (1821): S.C. can review state s.c. decisions in all matters concerning fed’l gov’t • Gibbons v. Ogden (1821): Congress alone can regulate interstate commerce (limits state powers) “Steamboat Case” • Marshall also reinforced strong sense of property rights • Fletcher v. Peck (1810): state laws cannot impair contracts; S.C. can invalidate state laws that interfere with the Constitution • Yazoo River land scandal • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): charters & businesses are protected from domination by state gov’ts • Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not change a legal charter once granted • Protected businesses against control by state governments • Eventually allowed corporations to escape any form of public control

  33. Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida • Treaty of 1818: Anglo-American Treaty (w/BR) • Joint fishing rights @ Newfoundland • Defined border of CAN & ORE (10 yrs) • Joint occupation • LA Territory at 49th parallel from Lake of the Woods to Rocky Mountains

  34. Sharing Oregon & Acquiring Florida • Florida • US believed FLO was destined to be part of US • Jackson’s disobedience: Pursued “outlaw” Seminoles into FLO (1818) & deposed SP governor • SP troops had to leave FL to stop other revolutions in S America • Jackson did not follow orders & exceeded his instructions from Monroe • Administration reactions: Support of Secretary of State JQ Adams (nationalist) • Adams-Onis Treaty: Transcontinental Treaty, Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 • SP cedes E. Florida to US for $5 mil • Defines boundary between LA & SP territories (map pg. 254) • US gave up claims to TX & SP dropped claims to ORE • Why does Spain sell?  SP more worried about colonies in L. America

  35. The Menace of Monarchy in America • US feared interference by Russia, FR, SP • G. Canning: (BR) Wanted joint declaration w/US to intervene in L. America, warn other European powers to stay out (wanted to secure part of L. America trade for BR) • BR concerned America would seize more SP territory & threaten their own Caribbean holdings • John Q. Adams: Nationalistic Sec. of State • Convinced Monroe to warn European powers • Thought an alliance w/BR would be bad idea & unnecessary • Monroe Doctrine – more aggressive foreign policy b/c of fears of European intervention in L. America • Non-colonization: what Europe had they could keep, but could not take more • Non-intervention: warned Europe not to interfere w/new Latin American republics • US would not intervene in war for independence Greece was fighting against Turkey • Effect abroad?  No standing in international law • Europeans knew US couldn’t back it up (no military might) • Latin Americans knew we were looking after our own self-interest • Russo-American Treaty: Russia dropped claim to ORE & agreed to boundary of 54° 40’

  36. Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised • Reality was that Monroe Doctrine was about self-defense • US wanted to keep foreign powers out of Latin America • The doctrine was only as strong as our ability to stop any intruding country • It was never an actual domestic or international law • Future presidents ignored or changed the doctrine – mainly by adding new interpretations • It deepened the illusion of isolationism from Europe **Look at political cartoons in the chapters!

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