Ewan Pritchard, PhD, PE July 10 th , 2012

1. The ~180 Year History of the Electric Vehicle How did we get here, where are we and what are you going to buy next? Ewan Pritchard, PhD, PE July 10th , 2012

2. Is a Hybrid or Electric Vehicle a New Idea? • Hybrids and Electrics existed in the late 1800’s • Several hybrid cars could be fuelled by either electric or ethanol • No regenerative energy • The invention of the IGBTin 1981 made way for the modernhybrid electric • Henry Ford’s wife drove an electric car – citing that theones he made were “stinky”

3. The Three Ages of the electric vehicle • The Invention (1832-1915) • The Environmental Age (1975-2000) • The Energy Age (2005-Present)

4. Allesandro Volta, the first battery, he drew electric current from two metals and an electrolyte, 1800

5. French physicist Gaston Planté invents the rechargeable lead-acid storage battery. Electric taxis first hit the streets of New York City Michael Faraday invents the Electric Motor. 1899 1832-1839 1859 1891 1897 1821 Thomas Edison begins a quest to invent a new battery to drive the electric car (he invented the Nickel-Iron battery in 1901 Invention of the Electric Automobile by Robert Anderson of Scotland between 1832 and 1839, Invention of the DC electric motor by Thomas Davenport in America in 1835 William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa builds the first successful electric automobile in the United States.

6. Comparison of steam, gas, electric and horse vehicles

7. 33 Prominent EV Makers of 175 known in U.S.

8. Baker Electric Marketed as a luxury car, Baker was also involved in racing. The “Baker Torpedo” above held the land speed record in 1902 but was quickly surpassed by steam and combustion vehicles.

9. 1901Ad for Baker Electric

10. Baker 1910 Phaeton, well-designed, attractively finished

11. Unknown EV, 1899, 30 mile range

12. 1908 Standard Electrique, popular enclosed styling

13. Morrison’s 1891 Electric Surrey

14. Sturges 1895 Electric Motor Wagon

15. Teddy Roosevelt, 1902, Hartford CT, Pope EV

16. Electric delivery trucks

17. Detroit Electric

18. Hybrids? • Pieper (Belgium) introduces a 3 ½ HP “Voiturette” with a parallel assist hybrid by mounting a motor coaxially with the engine that could either propel or recharge. • 1901: Ferdinand Porsche of Austria produced the “Mixte” car. • A 40 mile series plug-in hybrid with hub motors. • 1903: Krieger produces a series hybrid • 1905: Woods introduces the “interurban”, an electric car that has a replaceable two cylinder engine for longer trips. Only a handful were sold.

19. Vehicle Trends 1895-1915 Number of Cars (thousands) Electric Combustion Steam Year In 1900 American car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936 gasoline cars. In a poll conducted at the first National Automobile Show in New York City, patrons favored electric as their first choice, followed closely by steam.

20. Key Figures

21. Fuel Prices during the first era of electric vehicles

22. 1908 – The beginning of the end • Henry Ford unleashes the Model A • $850 Each • Cost reductions from assembly line techniques

23. The electric starter • Invented in 1911 by Charles Kettering in Dayton, Ohio • Combustion vehicles previously needed to be hand cranked, which took time and strength • Women could now drive combustion vehicles without getting dirty