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DO NOW THURSDAY

DO NOW THURSDAY. Write down what you know about the brain. LEARNING TARGETS. Describe the structure and function of the brain. The Brain. www.brainpop.com. Interesting Facts About Your Brain. Your brain weighs about 3 pounds. It is made of about 78% water.

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DO NOW THURSDAY

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  1. DO NOW THURSDAY • Write down what you know about the brain.

  2. LEARNING TARGETS • Describe the structure and function of the brain.

  3. The Brain www.brainpop.com

  4. Interesting Facts About Your Brain • Your brain weighs about 3 pounds. • It is made of about 78% water. • Therefore, you need to drink 8-12 glasses of water each day for your brain to maintain peak function. • It is soft enough to cut with a butter knife. • It is about the size of a grapefruit. • It gets about 8 gallons of blood each hour to provide it with the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function. • Your brain uses about 20% of your body’s energy and oxygen.

  5. Why is your brain important? • Your brain is very important to the function of your entire body. • Functions include • Interpret information from environment (collected with five senses) • Monitor and regulate body functions such as temperature, blood pressure, hunger, etc. • Responsible for thinking, learning, emotion, memory • The list goes on and on….

  6. Parts of Your Brain • Your brain contains three main parts: • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brain Stem

  7. The Parts of Your Brain

  8. The Cerebrum • The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. • In fact, your large cerebrum is what separates you from all other animals. • Your cerebrum is responsible for your higher mental functions such as thinking, problem solving, understanding speech, and using words. • Your cerebrum is divided into four parts, called lobes: • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Temporal lobe • Occipital lobe

  9. The Cerebrum Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe

  10. The Cerebrum: Frontal lobe • The Frontal lobe is involved in • Reasoning • Planning • Problem-solving • Emotions • Speech • Personality Frontal lobe

  11. The Cerebrum: Parietal lobe • The Parietal lobe is involved in • Senses such as temperature, taste, pressure, touch, and pain • Language Parietal lobe

  12. The Cerebrum: Occipital lobe • The Occipital lobe is involved in: • Visual processing Occipital lobe

  13. The Cerebrum: Temporal lobe • The Temporal lobe is involved in • Auditory perception (hearing) • Memory • Speech Temporal lobe

  14. The Cerebrum • The commonly-used terms “left-brained” and “right-brained” refer to the two hemispheres (halves) of the cerebrum. • Although both sides are involved in all of the activities previously mentioned for the lobes, brain research shows that the left side is used more for language and logical processing (math and science), while the right side is used more for visual and intuitive processing (creativity). • Damage to the cerebrum, such as from a stroke, can result in a wide variety of symptoms, depending upon the location and severity of the damage.

  15. Cerebral Hemispheres

  16. Cerebral Hemispheres Which are you?? Left-brain Right-brain quiz: http://braintest.sommer-sommer.com/en/

  17. The Cerebellum • Makes up about 10% of the brain’s total weight, but contains about half of the brain’s neurons (cells). • Regulates voluntary muscular movements such as posture, balance, coordination, speech, and smooth and balanced muscular activity. • Damage to the cerebellum probably would not result in paralysis or affect the intelligence of the person, but could lead to lack of balance, slower movement, and tremors (shaking).

  18. The Cerebellum

  19. The Brain Stem • The brain stem is made of three different parts (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata), however, you will not be required to know the names of these. • All of the parts of the brain stem together are responsible for vital life processes. These are the processes that keep you alive. The processes include: • Heart rate • Breathing • Sleeping • Eating • Blood pressure • Sleep/wake • Swallowing

  20. The Brain Stem

  21. DO NOW FRIDAY • Write what you think a traumatic brain injury is.

  22. LEARNING TARGETS • To describe the structure and function of the brain.

  23. What is Traumatic Brain Injury? • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to damage to the brain caused by an external physical force such as a car accident, a gunshot wound to the head, or a fall. • A TBI is not caused by something internal such as a stroke or tumor, and does not include damage to the brain due to prolonged lack of oxygen (anoxic brain injuries).

  24. Protecting the Brain • The brain is composed of extremely delicate, soft tissue floating in a clear fluid within the skull. • Under the skull there are three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain. • The fluid, called cerebrospinal fluid (or CSF) along with the membranes (spinal meninges) and skull, help to cushion and protect the brain. • However, when there is sudden speeding up and/or slowing down, such as in a car crash or fall, the brain can move around violently inside the skull, resulting in injury.

  25. Why is it important to wear a helmet? • http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/thats-you-wear-helmet-cyclist-6531840 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olPmaGPSQVc

  26. Helmet Lab Activity Purpose: To design a “helmet” that protects the “brain” and understand how injury may impact brain functioning

  27. Your Model • Your model for this activity will be an egg. • The shell = skull • The yolk = brain • The white = CSF • The egg has been glued to a piece of egg carton for stability.

  28. Procedures • Your group may use up to 5 different materials for your helmet. • You will drop your egg in front of the class from a 30 cm height. • Constraints: • Helmet has to stay on the “head” during the impact. • Helmet has to prevent “skull” from cracking. • Helmet can’t cover “eyes”. • Helmet can’t fall apart/must be reusable.

  29. DO NOW MONDAY • Tell which part of the brain performs the following functions: • Thinking • Understanding language • Vital life processes • Voluntary movements • Vision • Memory • Hearing • Balance

  30. Learning Targets • To describe the structure and function of a sensory/motor neuron. • To gather and synthesize information that sensory neurons respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for an immediate response or for storage as memory.

  31. Neurons (Nerve Cells) www.brainpop.com

  32. Neurons Are nerve cells Are the longest cells in the body Function like the wires in electronics Carry messages from the brain to the body or the body to the brain

  33. Types of Neurons • There are two type of neurons: • Sensory: allow you to sense your environment; • carry messages from your body to your brain; • connect your brain to your five senses (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) • Motor: allow you to respond to your environment; • carry messages from your brain to your body • connect your brain to your muscles to allow movement

  34. Structure of a Neuron

  35. Function of Neuron Parts • Dendrites: receive the chemical signal (neurotransmitter) from the adjacent nerve cell • Cell body: produces the energy and protein that builds and maintains the nerve cell • Nucleus: control center of the nerve cell, direct its function • Axon: the “wire” of the nerve signal; conducts the electrical impulse • Myelin sheath: the fatty insulation that keeps the electrical signal on the axon • Axon terminals: send the chemical signal (neurotransmitter) to the next nerve cell or another cell such as a muscle cell

  36. How does a Neuron send a signal? Chemical Signal Chemical signal Electrical Signal 

  37. How does a Neuron send a signal? Neurotransmitter chemical signal  dendrites axon  electricity Axon terminals

  38. How does a Neuron send a signal? • Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from adjacent neuron. • Neurotransmitter generates electrical signal in neuron. • Electrical signal travels down axon and axon terminals. • Neurotransmitter is released by axon terminals. • Neurotransmitter travels across synapse and is received by dendrites of next nerve cell. • Steps 1-5 are repeated over and over as message is sent from brain to body (by way of motor neurons) or body to brain (by way of sensory neurons). NOTE: The receiving cell of the neurotransmitter can be a muscle cell if the sending cell is a motor neuron.

  39. What happens then? • Once the message reaches its destination, what happens depends upon the destination. • If the destination was the brain, then the brain will process the information and send a response message out to a part of the body or may store the information for future use (memory and learning). • If the destination was a body part, then that body part will do what was instructed by the brain.

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