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Chapter 15:

Chapter 15:. Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood. In This Chapter. Physical Changes. Diverse physical development in middle adulthood Primary aging Secondary aging More research on midlife is needed!. Physical Changes The Brain and Nervous System.

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Chapter 15:

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  1. Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

  2. In This Chapter

  3. Physical Changes Diverse physical development in middle adulthood Primary aging Secondary aging More research on midlife is needed!

  4. Physical ChangesThe Brain and Nervous System

  5. Physical ChangesThe Brain and Nervous System Behavioral choices and mental health affect brain Circulatory system health affects parts of brain involved with memory, planning, and processing speed

  6. Physical ChangesThe Reproductive System: Males Climacteric: Loss of reproductive capacity Slight decline in quantity of viable sperm produced Very slow drop in testosterone Erectile dysfunction or impotence increases

  7. Physical ChangesMenopause in Women Timing Cessation of menses Secular trend

  8. Physical ChangesMenopause Phases

  9. Physical ChangesHormone Therapy (HT) Hormone therapy: Progesterone and estrogen administration • Women’s Health Initiative Study • Protocol • Findings

  10. Physical ChangesThe Pros and Cons of Hormone Therapy (HT) Results from Women’s Health Initiative (WHI, 2002) PROS • Reduction of hot flashes • Protection against osteoporosis CONS • Long-term use related to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers • No protection against cardiovascular disease

  11. Physical ChangesMenopause: Psychological Effects Research mixed on menopausal effects Negativity and overall life stressors affect moods Severe symptoms of sleep deprivation may related to additional anxiety Ethnic influences

  12. Physical ChangesMenopause: Psychological Effects Does ethnicity influences attitudes about menopause and aging? Let’s look at the next slide and see!

  13. Figure 15.1 Ethnicity and Women’s Attitudes about Aging

  14. Physical ChangesMenopause: Sexual Activity Most remain sexually active, but with some decline in frequency. Demands of other roles compete with time for sex. Increasing illnesses explain declines.

  15. Physical ChangesSkeletal System Osteoporosis begins around 30 for women—and men Loss of estrogens and progesterone in women Improved by regular weight-bearing exercise

  16. Physical ChangesVision: Loss of Visual Acuity Presbyopia: Farsightedness Eye lens thickens Total amount of light reaching the retina decreases Reduced focus adjustment

  17. Physical ChangesHearing Presbycusis: Auditory nerve and structures in the inner ear gradually deteriorate • Accelerates after 55 • Occurs in high and low frequencies • Both primary aging and secondary aging effects occur

  18. Stop and Think Why is there a different stereotype about the use of glasses versus hearing aids?

  19. Figure 15.2 Trends in U.S. Life Expectancy UPDATE

  20. Fill in the blank No single variable affects quality of life in middle and late adulthood as much as _____.

  21. Health and WellnessCardiovascular Disease (CVD) Overview CVD: Disease process in heart and circulatory system that accounts for 25% yearly death Myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis Majority of Americans have at least one risk factor; risks are cumulative

  22. Health and Wellness Cardiovascular Disease: Personality and Health Friedman and Rosenman Personality Patterns Type A Type B Type D

  23. Wait a minute! Did you say “type D”?

  24. Health and Wellness Cancer Second leading cause of death for adults 45+ years Risk factors similar to heart disease Good health habits early on reduces risks Dietary fat role is controversial risk factor Some cancer caused by infectious agents

  25. ? ? Questions To Ponder Looking at your parents, what risk factors do they have for cancer or heart disease? What are controllable variables in your life that could lead to reduced risk for these diseases? What cognitive functions or physical would you miss the most if they begin to deteriorate as you age? Why?

  26. Health and Wellness Gender and Health Men’s life expectancy less than women’s Women have greater ability to recover Women recover higher levels of physical functioning from heart attacks than men • Men have fewer diseases and disabilities that limit daily activity • Men die of CVD at higher rates than women.

  27. Health and Wellness Socioeconomic Class, Race, and Health Social class discrepancies in secondary aging Occupational level and education differences Ethnicity related to overall health

  28. Health and WellnessEthnicity and Gender: Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease: Heart attack and stroke Ethnicity influences Risk factors by gender

  29. Health and WellnessSocioeconomic Class, Race, and Health Diabetes Growing for all racial groups Risk factor for CVD, blindness and kidney failure Race differences

  30. Health and WellnessSocioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health Cancer Incidence and race Failure to receive screening and care Prevention strategies

  31. Health and Wellness Alcoholism Alcoholism: Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol • Incidence by gender • Risk (alcohol x aging) • Long-term effects

  32. Cognitive FunctioningOverview

  33. Cognitive FunctioningPhysical and Cognitive Aging Denny’s model of physical and cognitive aging Typical curve of age-related changes Effects of exercise of the skill or ability Underlying age-related decay curves Let’s take a closer look!

  34. Figure 15.3 Denney’s Model of Physical and Cognitive Aging

  35. Cognitive FunctioningPhysical Decline and Compensation Baltes and Baltes’s model of selective optimization Physical declines create selective optimization with compensation to combat aging effects Selective optimization strategies

  36. Health and Cognitive Functioning Schie’s Analysis of Seattle Longitudinal Study Earlier cardiovascular disease related to earlier and larger declines on intellectual tests Exercise lowers mortality risks Physical activity related to maintenance of cognitive functions

  37. Figure 15.4 Exercise and Mortality What do these data tell you? Figure 15.5

  38. Cognitive FunctioningMemory Memory: Subjective experience of forgetfulness Visual memory Overcoming perceived memory limitations

  39. Cognitive FunctioningSemantic and Episodic Memories Do you know the difference?

  40. Cognitive FunctioningPracticed and Unpracticed Skills Why does practice matter? Helps maintain or gain cognitive skill Helps compensate for age-related deficits in cognitive functioning Provide practice of different strategies to remember expository text

  41. Cognitive FunctioningCreativity Creativity: Ability to produce original, appropriate and valuable ideas or solutions to problems Simonton studied creativity and productivity of thousands of notable scientists Best work produced around 40; outstanding work published in 50s What will you be doing when you are 40 years old?

  42. Cognitive FunctioningCreativity Goleman’s stages focus on divergent thinking

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