Cold War Kick Off

1. Cold War Kick Off Economic Expansionism vs. Communist Conspiracy

2. Development of the Cold War • The Democracies (US. and Britain) wanted the issues of Eastern Europe settled by self determination. • Soviets felt it was necessary to have pro-soviet governments • Stalin helps establish pro-soviet governments in Poland and Romania

3. Cold War • With Britain struggling they pull support in Greece and Turkey and Soviets step in. • US establishes the Truman Doctrine which provided money to countries threatened by Communist expansion • “like apples in a barrel infected by disease, the corruption of Greece would infect Iran and all the East”-- US secretary of state

4. US Gives Assistance • In June of 1947 a European Recovery Program was constructed by the US. under the Marshall Plan (13 billion dollars) • Claims to fight hunger, poverty and desperation but they also felt that Communism fed off of poverty stricken nations • How would you feel by this if you were Soviet?

5. American Containment • George Kennan comes up with the policy of Containment against aggressive Soviet moves • In West Germany the three democracies all merge their occupations together but are blocked • Berlin Airlift gives assistance until the blockade is removed in 1949 • In East Germany Soviets dismantle and steal technologies and factories for their home. • They take 380 in total • Establish a new East German government under Walter Ulbricht in 1946

6. New Allies • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • Warsaw Pact (USSR and Eastern Europe) • Mutual Deterrence became the cause of the arms race

7. Korean War with the Cold War • After WWII Japan handed over Korea to the control of the US and USSR. • When Stalin supports a northern move south past the 38th parallel America is upset • MacArthur pushes back past the parallel which upsets Communist China and Mao Zedong • Mao pushes back and after two years of fighting nothing is solved

8. Vietnam part 1 • After WWII France was in control but in 1946 Ho Chi Minh’s communist group in Indo China takes part and turns North Vietnam into a communist supporter. • French and Chinese forces fight for a few years until 1954 with the Geneva Conference it is settled that there will be two parts. • North Vietnam controlled by Communist Govt. • South Vietnam by the Democratic republic in Saigon

9. Berlin Crisis • Khrushchev send Sputnik I in orbit and establishes ICBM • Start of Space Race so neither has superiority • Part of Mutual Detterence • Khrushchev becomes frustrated so created the Berlin Wall to prevent West Germany from controlling East German peoples

10. Cuban Missile Crisis • 1959 Fidel Castro takes over Cuba in a pro soviet regime • In 1961 the US tries to take Castro out with an unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion • Khrushchev and Kennedy face off • Tommy Thompson and empathy • Closest to nuclear fallout

11. Decolonization • Most Europeans decide that they should free their colonies since they supported self determinism at Yalta • Algeria beats France • Most movements are from western educated Africans • Wafdhelp win Egypt their independence in 1912 but not until 1952 are they free • Apartheid in South Africa • Nelson Mandela arrested • Settlement colony causes tensions

12. Middle East • Some countries like Jordan, Syria, Lebanon etc formed a Arab League • British were in favor of reducing Jewish immigration to Palestine but Zionists want a home • After WWII and news of the Holocaust America sympathizes with the Zionists and form Israel • May 14, 1948 Israel formed

13. Nasser and Pan Arabism • 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser takes control of Egyptian govt. and takes back Suez canal • Brit/French vs. Soviets and… Eisenhower? • UAR formed with union of Syria but few willing to join • Palestine Liberation Organization joins Arabs to give Palestine back to original Palestinians • Al-Fatah led by Yasir Arafat launches terrorist attacks on Israel and vis versa

14. Asia Nationalism and Communism • India splits between Muslim and Hindu groups • Muslim group form Pakistan and Hindu India • Gandhi the only one who objects says it will be an “orgy of blood” and is correct • China becomes split • Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek in south • Communist Mao Zedong in north • Peoples Liberation Army defeat Chiang and move him to Taiwan • Mao begins “Great Leap Forward” but fails

15. Stalin to Khrushchev • Stalin dies March 5, 1953 • Nikita Khrushchev replaces Stalin and is popular by the masses but not by the top • De-Stalinization limited police terror and allowed for intellectual freedoms • Fails in agricultural reforms • Removed in ‘64 after failed Cuban Missile Crisis • Replaced by Leonid Brezhnev

16. France: Charles De Gaulle • Wanted to restore French supremacy in Europe and make them the third power of the world • ‘58 made a new constitution that gave him more power • Economically not much better off

17. Britain • Churchill is replaced by Clement Atlee of the Labor Party • Modern Welfare State formed in Britain • Nationalization of many industries like coal, electric, gas etc. • Social Security • Socialized medicine

18. Civil Rights • Lyndon B. Johnson • Martin Luther King • Non-violent • Malcom X • “if someone puts a hand on you, send him to the cemetery”