Albania’s membership to NATO

Albania’s membership to NATO INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRACY AND MEDIATION CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN & SECURITY AFFAIRS (CESA) Costs and Benefits Col (R) Foto DURO IDM Senior Researcher Foto DURO

I. MEMBERSHIP COSTS

I. MEMBERSHIP COSTS Adapt ourselves Contribute to NATO

MEMBERSHIP COSTS • Adapt ourselves • a. Legislation • b. Conceptual/Doctrinal changes • c. Structural changes • d. Modernization • e. Make our environment secure/reliable to NATO • Contribute to NATO • a. “Common Fund” • b. NATO led missions • c. NATO routine activities • d. NATO permanent agencies • e. NATO integrated structures • f. Putting our infrastructure at NATO disposal

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY Long Term Development PLAN 2007-2020 LOGISTIC SUPPORT PLAN TRANSPORTATION PLAN EXCESS AMMUNITION DEMOLISHING PLAN MODERNISATION PLAN 2007-2012 NATIONAL MILITARY STRATEGY HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY PEACE TIME STATIONING & INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN NAVY DOCTRINE of AAF ARMY DOCTRINE of AAF JOINT DOCTRINE AAF AIR FORCE DOCTRINE LOGISTICS DOCTRINE GUIDING POLICIES CONCEPTUAL/DOCTRINAL CHANGES

50 Long Term Development PLAN 2007-2020 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 R&D 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2020 Infrastr Equipment 0 O & M Personnel LONG TERM VISION (billion Leks) Money allocation New economic situation calls for revision and adjustments based on a more realistic forecast 1 $ ~ 100 Leks

Strategic Defense Review Coordinate Operational Requirement National Security Strategy Scenarios Roles and Missions Interpret Conditions Standards NSS process SDR process Existing Force Structure Future Force Structure Decision Affordability Analysis Alternative Force Structures Operational Capabilities Current and Planned Capability Capability Requirement Capability Goals / Target Levels Capability Goals / Target Levels Publish Recommendations Force Development Options Decision Gap Analysis Resource Constraints

SDR process – contingencies 1- Defense of the Country Article 5 inside Albania Non-article 5 inside Albania 2 - Contribution to International Peace and Stability Article 5 outside Albania NonArt5 Crisis Response Operation 3 - Protection of Constitutional Order 4 - Public Safety Terrorist attack / threats 5 - Civil Emergencies 6 - Cyber Security 13 group scenarios, representing 33 “most likely” security scenarios Foto DURO

STRUCTURAL CHANGES NATO – a dynamic organization • To reflect changes in security environment • AAF focused more on: • Light infantry units (fit for diverse terrain and urban operations) • Airborne type of troops • Medium lift helicopters • Field service units • “Niche capabilities”

SOME PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW STRUCTURE • More suitable for a small armed force • More direct link between GS and units • Units – role - “force provider” • Joint Oper Centre – “force user” • Improve “teeth to tail” ratio • Authorized strength - 10 000 personnel (reduction by 2000)

AAF authorized force Personnel 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 8000 5000 6000 4500 4000 4000 2000 3500 0 3000 Personnel 1997 1998 1999 2004 2005 2008 1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2500 2000 1500 Officers 1000 NCO 500 Professionals 0 Conscripts 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Civilians

MODERNIZATION (1. To adapt ourselves) (Million Lek)

SECURE ENVIRONMENT AT NATO DISPOSAL (1. To adapt ourselves) • The Albanian Defense establishment currently operates more than 25 munitions depots all over the country. • They contain almost 100,000 tons of various types of munitions. • About 90,000 tons of the munitions in the Albanian Defense inventory were declared excess. • Difficult to guard and manage because of the significant reduction of AAF and concentration to the main centers • Expected to be finalized by end 2013

Common Fund 10% Civil Budget • Common-Fund • Military Budget • Civil Budget • NSIP (NATO Security & Investment Program) 36% Military Budget 54% NSIP ~ 2.5 miliardë €/vit NATO recources • Multinational Budget • AWACS • AGS • Contributions “in kind” • Trust Funds Albania – 0.0843% Albania in Kosovo Trust Fund (500,000 Euro/year) • National • All systems (with some exemptions for major systems) are member nations responsibility. They are put at NATO disposal according to the situation

NATO Civil Budget Consultation & Cooper with Partners 22% 36% 14% 28% Alliance Capabilities Support to Operations Public relations NATO Military Budget Command Struct 21% 1% C3 Support 16% NAEW&C 27% 3% 6% 21% 7% 6% Air C2 Other CRO 13% 13% 16% TEE 7% 6% 27% Pensions 6% R&D 3% PfP 1% 23

KOS ACTIVE ENDEAVOR 1 OMLT (2011) (with USNJNG) Herat (2007) 2 COYs Kabul (2002) 1 PLT Kandahar (2010) SOF (COY - ) Albania Force Contribution SFOR (1996) 1 Coy ALTHEA (2008) EOD Team End Frreed (2004) 1 Coy End Freed (2004) 1 COY Tchad (2008) 1 Coy Tchad (2008) 1 Coy

AAF authorized force 500 400 300 Personnel Personnel 200 18000 100 16000 0 14000 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 12000 10000 8000 6000 Force contribution over the time 4000 2000 0 1997 1998 1999 2004 2005 2008 1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 7.8% 8.6% 3.5% 0.9% % relative to Land Forces

CAPABILITY TARGETS (ALB) OPER CSS HOST.N.SUP OTHER CS LEGAL G-3780 Stabil Reconstr Spec G-3782 Stab Recons Pre-deploy G-3781 Stabil Recons Coord INFO&SECUR PERS/STRUCT G-0360 Secur Coop (NATO) G-2780 Network Enab Commun L-0001 LAND OP/TRAIN A-0001 AIR OP/TRAIN M-0001 MARITIMEOP/TRAIN M-2200 Maritime Interdict G-0630 Nation HUMINT G-4490 CBRN Protect A-1459 Air Navig AIDS & Radios AIR LAND NAVY KOMUNIC PROTEC L-0035 Force Contrib L-0315 Tactic Air Con L-0047 CS CONTRIBUT G-4570 Bord. Sec.Equip L-0020 IED Countering A-2900 NATINADS M-2842 MARIT COMUNIC G-4571 Bord Sec.Pers.Train M-2920 MARIT AWARE G-3140 Glob.Navig.Sat Sys G-3023 C2 MODE 5 IFF G-2781 CYBER DEFENSE 17 CT-s G-4572 Bord. Sec Inf&Comun G-2860 Network ENAB INFO SYS G-2861 Network ENAB SERVICES G-3070 Network Eabl INTEROPER G-4573 Bord Sec. Languag 11 CT-s G-4574 Bord Sec. Organiz 8 CT-s L-0880 Non-Lethal Cap/Weap L-0890 Urb.Op Combin Arms L-0905 Indirect Fire Support L-0895 Individ Combat Sys 08 09 11 45 23 48 03 04 12 10 06 27 34 46 24 47 07 31 26 25 32 38 15 43 14 37 30 22 36 13 28 44 29 33 49 35 L-0410 ISTAR L-0048 Extreme Climate Cappabil

OPER CSS HOST.N.SUP OTHER CS LEGAL STRUCT CJTF G-0050 COLLECTIVE DEFENSE TRANSPORT SUPPLY GENERAL PERS/STRUCT 05 G-2702 CJTF HQ Augment L-3540 PSYOPS Elem G-4153 RSOM G-4055 NATO Supp Chain Management G-4211 Nat.Support Depl. Forces G-4156 Avia Support G-4244 Medic Support G-3783 CIMIC Teams 4 CT-s 1 CT G-4174 Strat Move L-1000 Eng Mob-Count-Surv G-0355 LANGUAGE REQ 8 CT-s L-4212 CSS Contribution 42 01 16 17 40 19 39 21 18 02 41 20 CAPABILITY TARGETS (ALB) OTHER

CAPABILITY TARGETS (ALB) OPER CSS HOST.N.SUP OTHER CS LEGAL G-3780 Stabil Reconstr Spec G-3781 Stabil Recons Coord G-3782 Stab Recons Pre-deploy INFO&SECUR PERS/STRUCT G-0360 Secur Coop (NATO) G-2780 Network Enab Commun L-0001 LAND OP/TRAIN A-0001 AIR OP/TRAIN M-2200 Maritime Interdict M-0001 MARITIMEOP/TRAIN G-0630 Nation HUMINT G-4490 CBRN Protect A-1459 Air Navig AIDS & Radios AIR NAVY LAND KOMUNIC PROTEC L-0035 Force Contrib L-0315 Tactic Air Con L-0047 CS CONTRIBUT G-4570 Bord. Sec.Equip L-0020 IED Countering A-2900 NATINADS M-2842 MARIT COMUNIC G-4571 Bord Sec.Pers.Train M-2920 MARIT AWARE G-3140 Glob.Navig.Sat Sys G-3023 C2 MODE 5 IFF G-2781 CYBER DEFENSE 17 CT-s G-4572 Bord. Sec Inf&Comun G-2860 Network ENAB INFO SYS G-2861 Network ENAB SERVICES G-3070 Network Eabl INTEROPER G-4573 Bord Sec. Languag 11 CT-s G-4574 Bord Sec. Organiz 8 CT-s L-0880 Non-Lethal Cap/Weap L-0895 Individ Combat Sys L-0905 Indirect Fire Support L-0890 Urb.Op Combin Arms 03 04 07 27 10 33 34 46 15 14 48 23 24 25 12 30 13 45 08 09 44 43 47 29 32 35 37 11 38 36 49 26 22 31 06 28 L-0410 ISTAR L-0048 Extreme Climate Cappabil

CAPABILITY TARGETS (ALB) OPER CSS HOST.N.SUP OTHER CS LEGAL PERS/STRUCT Minimum of 1,000 personnel. Capable of: • tactical deployment by helicopters in all terrain • high intensity war fighting and manoeuvre in all terrain • capable of joint and combinedexpeditionary warfare • tactical employment in extreme weather conditions • counter-insurgency, peace support and other manpower intensive operations • movement in own vehicles in tactical formations and action and manoeuvre on foot. • integrating into a higher, brigade level formation • independent operations for 5 combat days of supplies L-0035 Force Contribution

Participation in NATO routine activities • About 420committees, subcommittees, commissions, working groups in NATO • Hard to calculate an approximate cost of participation in all of them. • Selected to participate - 45 • Albania – declared to host 1 multinational EX per year.

Participating in a variety of NATO structures /initiatives: • NATINEADS • Air surveillance • Stage I – use/exploit air picture provided by two NATO CAOCs • Stage II – develop capacities (starting from 2012) to provide data (1 stationary radar followed (if) by -2 mobile) • Air Policing • To be provided by NATO • Albania to provide support (emergency landing, C-SAR, Air-picture data exchange…)

Participation in NATO PE structures • Planned about 26military personnel by mid 2010 to be assigned in NATO integrated structures (actually 28 till 2011) • More interest on IT, operations, CIMIC • Two folded cost: • Financial • Loss of some of the most qualitative personnel from our staffs/units

HNS – Initial Operational Capability (IOC) Catalogued: designated seaports, airports, communication hubs, etc. Military installations (Command posts, Operation centers, training ranges). Services to NATO units (transiting or deployed in our country) Host Nation Support Movement coordination and information Cargo processing (in airports, seaports) HNS to meet NATO standards (not simply put at NATO disposal) Still a “grand master plan” to be finalized (about the requirements and the cost to prepare key infrastructure for NATO needs) Key infrastructure available to NATO (2. Contribution to NATO) 39

II. MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS

II. MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS • a. Political/economic perspective • b. Security/defense perspective

a. Political/economic benefits • Message of a country meeting the standards: • Functioning Democracy • Rule of law • Free market economy • A country with potentials • For foreign investors to invest • As a reliable partner in bilateral/multilateral initiatives In general, NATO membership is a strong “motor” for change, improvement and preparation for EU integration

10000 8000 6000 (million euro) 4000 GDP (million euro) 2000 0 2001 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 YEARS Source: Albania 2012 Progress Report, EU Commission Staff working paper • GDP Growth

Net foreign direct investment (FDI) (million euro) 900 800 700 600 Million Euros 500 FDI (million Euro) 400 300 200 100 0 2001 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 YEARS Source: Albania 2012 Progress Report, EU Commission Staff working paper

b. Security/defense perspective • a) Strategic level: • Part of the most successful and long-lived political-military alliance in history • Integration into a large family of nations (collective defense) • Part of important tables of decision making • Part of sub-structures dealing with: • Defense planning • Intelligence sharing • Modernization of systems/equipment • Education and training (Defense Academies Consortium) • Air Defense (NATO has taken over Albanian air space surveillance/protection) • Maritime defense (Operation “Active Endeavour”) • Informatization / automation and cyber defense

b. Security/defense perspective • b) Operational level: • The package of Capability Targets • Orients AAF to a more effective military “better fit for mission” • Better linkage between ambition – resources (80% of Albanian defense resources for this package) • Useful Lessons Learned (from NATO led missions abroad – ISAF)

b. Security/defense perspective • c) Tactical level: • Opportunity for Albanian militaries (officers, NCOs, soldiers) to operate in multinational environments/missions • More effective training, based on real challenges, mostly for: • Operating in urban environments • Asymmetric threats • In very demanding/diverse missions by perspective of culture, religion, traditions etc.

THANK YOU! QUESTIONS ?

Albania’s membership to NATO