DNA & RNA

1. DNA & RNA Unit 7 Chapter 12

2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid

3. Where does DNA “live”? The NUCLEUS!

4. Why is DNA so Important? * DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses. * DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code for making proteins * DNA’s codes are converted/changed into messages (mRNA) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins. * Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping us alive

5. What are the parts of DNA? * 2 Strands called: Double Helix The “Backbone” Has 2 Parts D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR) P = Phosphate

6. What are the parts of DNA? * The “Rungs” The Nitrogen Bases A - T C - G A = Adenine T = Thymine C = Cytosine G = Guanine

7. How to remember Nitrogen Bonds: A bonds with T Think: A T & T phone company

8. How to remember Nitrogen Bonds: C bonds with G Think: Half circles

9. Clicker Question #1 These are 2 examples of nucleic acids: A. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria B. Carbohydrates & Lipids C. DNA & RNA D. Nucleus & Ribosomes

10. Clicker Question #2 DNA holds the instructions for making: A. Energy B. Proteins C. Carbon dioxide D. Deoxyribose

11. Clicker Question #3 If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then: A. it also has 80% Guanine B. it also has 50% Cytosine C. it also has 80% Adenine D. it also has 20% Adenine

12. Clicker Question #4 What type of sugar is found in DNA? A. Phosphorous B. Thymine C. Ribose D. Deoxyribose

13. Clicker Question #5 The DNA’s code is converted into _____ so it can be sent to ribosomes to make the proteins. A. DNA B. mRNA C. tRNA D. ATP

14. What are the parts of DNA? * Nucleotides: 1 Sugar 1 Phosphate 1 Nitrogen Base

15. Lets Practice:What are the complementary nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG TAA GCA ATA GCA GAC TTT TGC Yes! We made DNA! What did we just do?

16. Why is mRNA Important? * mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus * DNA is too big and CAN’T leave the nucleus…it must send messages * mRNA contains the messages from the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins

17. What are the parts of RNA? * RNA is Made of: Ribose (SUGAR) Phosphate (same as DNA) Nitrogen Bases (A,U, C, G) Just Like DNA, RNA has: Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base BUT….. First: Notice that RNA has 1 Strand! U stands for Uracil…. a different nitrogen base NO THYMINE in RNA!!

18. RNA Nitrogen Bases: A bonds with U THYMINE in RNA!! C bonds with G

19. Clicker Question #6 What 3 things make up a nucleotide? A. Nucleus, DNA, & RNA B. Adenine, Thymine, & Cytosine C. Sugar, Phosphate, & a Nitrogen base D. Chromosomes, Genes, & DNA

20. Clicker Question #7 Where is mRNA made? A. In the nucleus B. In the cytoplasm C. In the mitochondria D. In the ribosomes

21. Clicker Question #8 What type of sugar does RNA have? A. Deoxyribose B. Carbohydrate C. Ribonucleic acid D. Ribose

22. Clicker Question #9 Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not have? A. Uracil B. Thymine C. Adenine D. Cytosine

23. Clicker Question #10 If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then A. it also contains 40% Guanine B. it also contains 60% Thymine C. it also contains 40% Cytosine D. it also contains 60% Guanine

24. How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein? * First: Transcription * There are 2 major steps in this process * Second: Translation

25. How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein? Transcription : Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template. HINT: *** Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.*** *mRNA: (messenger RNA) holds the recipe for making proteins

26. How does Transcription work? * QUESTION…have you been to court? * There is a person typing what is said and is creating a “court transcript”…which is really a code…shortened version…and later the transcript is translated into all the words that were said for a record. SHORTENED CODE = mRNA

27. Transcription Video….

28. Lets Practice:Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG UAA GCA AUA GCA GAC UUU UGC This is mRNA! We just transcribed DNA into mRNA!

29. Clicker Question #11 What does mRNA do? A. It carries the instructions from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to the nucleus to make DNA C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus to the mitochondria to make energy D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to make energy

30. Clicker Question #12 What is transcription? A. The process of making energy B. The process of making proteins C. The process of making DNA D. The process of making mRNA

31. Lets Practice This Again:Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC UGU GCU AAU GCC UAU GCG UAG Now what? YES! We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA What did we just do?

32. Now What?...Translation! Translation: Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made. Words to know: * Codon: 3 base code in DNA or RNA * Amino Acid: Compounds joined by peptide bonds to build proteins ACG ATA CGG CTT There are 20 different Amino Acids. * Ribosome: “Reads” mRNA recipes so it can synthesize/make proteins Different combination of Amino Acids make different kinds of proteins.

33. Now What?...Translation! More Words to know: * tRNA: (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome tRNA Amino Acid * Anticodon: Nitrogen bases that can pair that corresponds with the codons on the mRNA Anticodon

34. What happens during translation? Peptide chain/ Protein Chain tRNA Amino Acid Anticodon Ribosome Codon

35. Translation Video...

36. Link to Transcription Animation Click Here

37. Clicker Question #13 Where does translation occur? A. In the nucleus B. In the mitochondria C. In the DNA D. In the ribosome

38. Clicker Question #14 What is made during translation? A. DNA B. mRNA C. Protein D. Energy

39. Clicker Question #15 What is another name for polypeptide chain? A. Protein chain B. Carbohydrate chain C. Lipid chain D. Nucleic acid

40. Translating mRNA codes into amino acids to create polypeptid chains (protein chains) #1. AUG GCA UCC UGA Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop #2. AUG CCC GGU UAG Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop #3. AUG AAG GUG UGA Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop

41. What is the amino acid for the following codons? AAU Asparagine (Asn) GUG Valine (Val) UGG Tryptophan (Trp)

42. How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms help biologists? We can use the sequences to see how organisms are related! Which of the following two organisms are MOST closely related? Fish Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine Lizard Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine Frog Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Leuicine, Lysine, Lysine Bird Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Valine

43. The end… For now…

44. DNA Mutations & Technology

45. What are genetic mutations? Mutation: Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes. Causes of mutations include: * Viruses * Radiation * Chemicals * Errors during mitosis and meiosis

46. Are mutations harmful? Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing. Harmful example: - Some mutations cause cancer & genetic disorders

47. Are mutations harmful? Helpful example: - Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria

48. Are mutations harmful? Not harmful or helpful: - Peppered moths come in dark or light colors

49. What are some types of mutations? There are many different types: Chromosomal mutations 1. Insertion

50. What are some types of mutations? 2. Deletion