Why Classify? Early Classification Systems 6 Kingdom Classification System

1. Organizing Life Why Classify? Early Classification Systems 6 Kingdom Classification System Determining Relationships Dichotomous Keys TEKS/ TAKS 8A collect and classify organisms at several taxonomic levesl such as speies, phylum, and kingdom using dichotomous keys 8B analyze relationships among organisms and develop a model of a heirarchical classification system based on similarities and differences using taxonomic nomenclature 8C identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

2. Can you give any examples of classification used in everyday life? • Library • Grocery store • Department store • Room • Binder

3. Are items in the grocery store just in a large central pile? Why not? Braeburn Specific -------------------- General Cameo Gala Granny Smith Golden Delicious Grocery store analogy What are the different sections of the store? Dairy Meats Aisles Produce, etc. What are some types of fruits? Apples Pears Oranges Bananas, etc. The apples further categorized into which varieties? Macintosh Granny Smith Fuji, etc. How is the produce section divided? Fruits Vegetables

4. What is the importance of classifying things? It makes it easier … • Toorganize • To identify • To easily communicate with others

5. What is Classification? • Classification-catergorizing based on similar characteristics • Taxonomy-the science of classifying organisms.

6. Aristotle( 384 - 322 B.C.) • Greek philosopher and naturalist • 1st to classify organisms • Two kingdoms: Plants or Animals • He subdivided them by their habitat – land, sea, or air dwellers

7. Classification Show the film clip from the United Streaming entitled “Classification of Living Things” (5:29).

8. QUIZ • What are the 6-kingdoms of classification? • What criteria do scientists use to determine how to classify an organism into its correct kingdom?

9. Physical characteristics How organisms carry out life functions Behavior Role in nature (niche) Embryology Molecular similarities (DNA) What criteria do scientists use to classify organisms?

10. CarolusLinneus( 1707-1798) • 18th century taxonomist • classified organisms by their structure • developed the naming system called binomial nomenclature, which is still used today • Based on the dead language calledLATIN • called the “father of taxonomy”

11. TAXON (pl. taxa)– categories of classification • many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it

12. 7 Taxa of Classification – categories of classification; many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it • Largest category; very general; most diverse; most inclusive • Smallest category; most specific; least diverse; most exclusive DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

13. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

14. How Can You Remember the 7 Taxon levels? • KingPhilip Came Over forGood Soup • Kingwood ParkCheersOn FootballGameSportsmanship • KatiePleaseComeOver forGingerSnaps  Can you come up with your own pneumonic? • K?P? C? O?f? G? S?

15. 1.Why do biologists classify? • To study the diversity of life • To organize and name organisms 2. Why give scientific names? • Common names are misleading • Names can be different according to language of that country jellyfish silverfish star fish None of these animals are fish!

16. Some organisms have several common names – it can be very confusing! • This cat is commonly known as: • Florida panther • Mountain lion • Puma • Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Scientists should make it easier to identify these organisms! There should be a naming system!

17. Binomial Nomenclature – Linneaus’ two-word naming system Genusspecies OR Genus species - Genus is capitalized - can be underlined or italicized (not both) Pantheraleo Lion Drosophila melanogaster Fruit fly Canislupus Wolf • Do you know the scientific name for humans? • That’s right! Homo sapiens

18. KINGDOM Animalia Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Which classification level includes all the other levels? Which animal is missing in the phylum category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the phylum Chordata like the rest of those pictured together? Which animal is missing in the class category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the class Mammalia like the rest of those pictured together? Which organism is more closely related to the grizzly bear, the panda or the black bear ? Why? What animal belongs in the species Ursus arctos? Which animal is missing in the order category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the order Carnivora like the rest of those pictured together? Which animal is missing in the family category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the family Ursidae like the rest of those pictured together?

19. Example – Where does thecommon household catfit in? • The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the Kingdom Animalia.  • Phylum level, cats are included with all other vertebrate animals in the subphylum Vertebrata, in the Phylum Chordata.  • This large grouping includes all animals having either a notochord, or an actual spine.  Can you name any other organisms that would belong In the same phylum?

20. Class level, cats and other predatory animals are grouped with non-predators with whom they share specific biological traits.  • In this case cats, dogs, bears, sheep, horses, cows, giraffes, whales, and many other groups, including people, belong to Class Mammalia (mammals).  • All mammals have hair, are warm-blooded, and give birth to live young which feed via mammary glands. Can you name any other organisms that would belong In the same class?

21. Order level, cats are grouped with other animals that are quite different in physical appearance and general behavior, but with whom they share other basic attributes.  • In this case, cats, dogs, bears and some other groups are all predators that hunt and prey upon other animals.  • They are thus grouped together in the Order Carnivora, which includes meat-eating animals. Can you name any other organisms that would belong In the same order?

22. Members of the genus Felis are also related, though less closely, to other cat genera such as Panthera, which includes lions, leopards and tigers;  and Leopardus, which includes the ocelots.  • Because the members of all of these genera are cats, they can be grouped together under the family Felidae.

23. The housecat is closely related to several other feline species such as the bobcat, Felis rufus, and the cougar, Felis concolor, so they are all placed in the same genus Felis.

24. The species name for the domestic cat is Felis catus (sometimes domesticus).  Felis denotes the genus name for this species, while catus denotes the unique specific descriptive word for the species.

25. Day 2

26. Can you identify some of the living things in this picture? How would you classify all these living things? Are there any that cannot be seen with the naked eye?

27. 3 Domains (Super-kingdoms) ARCHAE EUKARYA BACTERIA

28. 6 Kingdoms within 3 Domains Which kingdom is represented by each of the colors in the cladogram?

29. 6 Kingdom Classification System ARCHAE- BACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTS FUNGI PLANT ANIMAL

30. mollusks crustaceans insects fish jellyfish flatworms amphibians starfish reptiles hydra birds sponges mammals Animals (Animalia) Most complex with organs and systems

31. Non vascular Moss growing on trees Seedless vascular Ferns Sunflowers seeds in flowers Flowering plants Douglas fir seeds in cones Peach tree Seeds in fruits Plants(Plantae)

32. Fungi Shelf fungus on tree Mildew on Leaf Mushrooms Mushroom

33. Paramecium Protists(Protista) -Nicknamed “ Catch-all” kingdom or “Junk-Drawer” -Some are animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like Green algae Amoeba

34. Animal & Plant like – (Euglena) • Move using flagellum or flagella • Have eyespot to detect light • Chloroplast to make their own food in the presence of light Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing euglenoid movement.

35. Plant-like – Photosynthetic (ex. Green algae, red algae, diatoms) • Producers • Classified according to colors due to pigments (red, yellow, green, brown, etc.) • Used to make products such as agar, carrageenan (thickener found in puddings) alginates (ice cream) Green algae Algal bloom in lake Brown algae Red algae Red tide in FL

36. Fungus-like – decomposers (slime molds, water molds) • composed of an mass of protoplasm • no cell walls in its it early stage of growth • found in damp, shady areas with abundant organic matter

37. Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas) • Move using cilia • Oral groove is like a mouth opening Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing paramecium using their cilia for movement.

38. Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas) • Move using pseudopods • Engulf food through food vacuoles • Many cause diseases Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing amoeboid movement (using pseudopods) as well as phagocytosis (engulfing food).

39. round - coccus Bacteria • All bacteria were once classified in one kingdom known as Monera. • Earliest organisms to appear Streptococcus aureus rod - bacillus E. coli spiral - spirillum Vibrio cholerae

40. Kingdoms of Bacteria • Archaebacteria(Domain Archae) • “ancient” – oldest bacteria on Earth • live in harsh environments (extremophiles)

41. Kingdoms of Bacteria • Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria) • “true” bacteria E. coli Streptococcus S. Marcescens growing on Petri dish

42. The bacteria that causes syphilis is spiral shaped The bacteria named Propionibacter shermani is used to make specific type of cheese called Emmental. Eubacteria Can be harmful:parasites, or cause diseases Can be helpful (most): • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria recycle nutrients • photosynthetic Cyanobacteria create O2 for planet • different types of E.coli help organisms’ digestion • Some are used to make foods like cheese, yogurt, pickles, and bread • used to genetically engineer medicines and other products

43. Click on the image to access HHMI Classifying Critters Classifying Critters • We'll look at members of a big group called the vertebrates. These are animals that have backbones. Do you have a backbone? Great. You're part of this group!

44. Classification of Living Things

45. Where do you fit in? Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapien

46. Day 3

47. Dichotomous Keys • Tool scientists use to identify unknown organisms. • Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. • "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". • So, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

48. Dichotomous Keys • A list of 2 opposing statements that help to identify organisms KEY TO INSECT ORDERS Start at Question 1 and follow the links until you've identified your insect 1 Insect has wings? Go to 2 Insect wingless or with poorly developed wings Go to 29 2 One pair of wings Go to 3 Two pairs of wings Go to 7 3 Body grasshopper-like, with enlarged hind legs and pronotum extending back over abdomen Orthoptera Insects not like this Go to 4 4 Abdomen with 'tails' Go to 5 Abdomen without 'tails' Go to 6 5 Insects <5mm long, with relatively long antennae: wing with only one forked vein Hemiptera Larger insects with short antennae and many wing veins: tails long Ephemeroptera

49. The dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z. Bird X is most likely - • Certhidea • Geospiza • Camarhynchus • Platyspiza Answer: C

50. Unit Summary Essay • Why and how do scientists classify living things?