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Upbringing

Upbringing. Learning from others. 2) Learning from others Theory of differential association Sutherland (1939). The theory is based on the behaviourist ideas about learning principles explaining criminality: The theory was presented in the form of 9 principles :

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Upbringing

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  1. Upbringing Learning from others

  2. 2) Learning from othersTheory of differential associationSutherland (1939) • The theory is based on the behaviourist ideas about learning principles explaining criminality: • The theory was presented in the form of 9 principles: • Criminal behaviour is learned- Not result of biology- so crime can only be invented by influence of others • Criminal behaviour learned from others in a process of communication- usually verbal form or gestures from others, not independent of others. • Learning criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups- intimate personal groups have largest influence on learning criminal behaviour, not impersonal agencies such as media

  3. Theory of differential associationSutherland (1939) 4. Learning criminal behaviour includes techniques of committing crime, rationalisations and attitudes- learning the ‘trade’ from someone and attitudes taken and excuses made for behaving in a criminal fashion. • Motives & drives are learned from defining legal codes as favourable or unfavourable- Some laws seen as pointless or discriminatory so people feel they can flaunt them e.g. underage drinking. • Delinquency occurs by learning definitions in favour of violation of law rather than lack of violation- Individuals become criminal due to repeated contacts with criminal activity and lack of contact with non-criminal activity

  4. Theory of differential associationSutherland (1939) 7. Differential associations (contacts with criminals over non-criminals) vary in frequency, duration, priority & intensity- precise description of criminal behr is possible in quantitative form by analysing the no. of contacts with criminals (appropriate formula for this not yet developed!). • Learning criminal behaviour by association with criminals is the same as any other learning-nothing ‘special’ or ‘abnormal’ about criminal behr- not biological or pathological reasons for criminal behr. • Criminal behr is an expression of needs & values, but it is not explained by those general needs and values-stealing to obtain money is no different to needs of an honest worker, so this NEED in itself can not explain theft.

  5. ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THIS STUDY • Nature – nurture • Determinism v Free Will • Reductionism v multiple causation • Crime is ‘socially constructed’? • Theory considers behaviour from social-psychological perspective..this means?

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