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Mollicutes

Mollicutes. Mollicutes. The smallest cells capable of self-replication Lack cell wall (peptidoglycan & outer membrane) Highly fastidious Diagnosis is difficult Species show host specificity No classical virulence determinants Typically chronic infection. Mollicutes - Mycoplasmas.

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Mollicutes

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  1. Mollicutes

  2. Mollicutes The smallest cells capable of self-replication Lack cell wall (peptidoglycan & outer membrane) Highly fastidious Diagnosis is difficult Species show host specificity No classical virulence determinants Typically chronic infection

  3. Mollicutes - Mycoplasmas "minimal" cells: physiologically restricted - highly fastidious lack cell wall (peptidoglycan) pleomorphic Fried-egg-shaped micro-colonies

  4. Diagnosis pathology - gross & histopathology isolation & identification: phenotypic/biochemical serological response antigenic detection genomic detection

  5. Mollicutegenera Mycoplasma ~100 species; pathogens & commensals Ureaplasma pathogens & commensals Spiroplasma plant pathogens; insect commensal (? pathogens) Anaeroplasma rumen commensal Acholeplasma mainly commensal

  6. Virulence mechanisms of mollicutes adhesins competition for metabolites degradative enzymes cytotoxic metabolites (H2O2; NH4+) endotoxicity (lipogalactan & lipopeptides) antigenic variation intraphagocytic survival assimilation of host cell antigens autoimmunity superantigenicity antigen persistence

  7. Mycoplasma diseases 1 e.g. respiratory Pneumonia & chronic respiratory diseases M. gallisepticum poultry chronic respiratory disease M. bovis calf "cuffing" pneumonia M. hyopneumoniae enzootic pneumonia of swine M. ovipneumoniae ovine proliferative interstitial pneumonia M. capricolum subsp. capri ovine & caprine respiratory infections M. meleagridis poultry air sacculitis M. equi equine respiratory disease M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae - CCPP (contagious caprine pleuropneumonia) Pleuropneumonia M. mycoides subsp. mycoides - CBPP (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia)

  8. Mycoplasma diseases 2 e.g. mucosal Conjunctivitis/Keratitis M. conjunctivae ovine, bovine Reproductive infections U. diversum infertility, abortion Mastitis M. bovis bovine mastitis M. bovoculi; U. diversum (bovine) M. bovigenitalium epididymitis M. californicum, M. canadense (bovine) Mycoplasma diseases 3 e.g. invasive Arthritis/Synovitis M. synoviae poultry Multisystem infection M. agalactiae sheep, goats Anaemia M. haemofelis cats M. haemosuis pigs M. bovis (cattle) M. hyorhinis (pigs) M. arthritidis (rodents) M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC sheep, goats M. mycoides subsp. capri goats M. capricolum subsp. capricolum sheep, goats

  9. Respiratory mycoplasmoses Inhalation adherence to ciliated epithelium Colonisation of bronchioles/alveoli Ciliostasis and “ciliotoxicity” Immunomodulation / immune evasion Alveolar & peribronchial inflammation (“cuffing”; MN, PMN, L, plasma cells) mononuclear cell infiltration & hyperplasia LN enlargement consolidation catarrhal exudation freq. chronic - persists months/years

  10. adherence to ciliated epithelium mononuclear cell infiltration &hyperplasia consolidation Respiratory mycoplasmoses Ciliostasis and “ciliotoxicity”

  11. bovine M. bovis } M. dispar } U. diversum } "cuffing" pneumonia; co-infection with M. haemolytica / H. somnus poultry M. gallisepticum Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) M. meleagridis respiratory mycoplasmoses ovine M. ovipneumoniae proliferative interstitial pneumonia ovine atypical pneumonia

  12. Contagious Pleuropneumonia Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia - CBPP M. myciodes subsp. mycoides SC Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia - CCPP M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae • Notifiable diseases • usu. acute/per-acute course • occ. sub-acute/chronic • high mortality • highly contagious • remission & re-activation  chronic carriers • MN cell infiltration & proliferation • neutrophil infiltration  necrosis • fluid exudation • vascular inflammation

  13. MAKEPS Multisystemic mycoplasmosis mycoplasmaemia  malaise, fever prostration inappetance  mastitis (severe:  milk production, fibrinous, pus)  arthritis  keratitis/conjunctivitis  polyserositis  septicaemia m a ke p s e.g. Mycoplasma agalactiae - Contagious agalactia; NOTIFIABLE DISEASE

  14. Infectious Anaemia arthropod transmitted • Mycoplasma haemofelis Mycoplasma haemosuis adhere to erythrocytes  indentations/rupture  erythrocyte lysis  anaemia

  15. Control of mycoplasmoses test & slaughter disease-free herds/flocks selective breeding antibacterial chemotherapy: vaccines: inactivated / attenuated

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