Landuse-Transport integration for reducing Air Pollution in Asian Cities

1. Landuse-Transport integration for reducing Air Pollution in Asian Cities Geetam Tiwari Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Program (TRIPP) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi, India

2. Urbanization in Asian countries • CHINA • ‘Planned urbanization 1950-70 • ‘permit holders’ vs floating population, informal service sector small • 1980-90 growth of informal economy, street shops etc. • INDIA • 30-50% slum dwellers, ‘unauthorized’ self constructed dwellings, close to work

3. Urban Travel in Asia • Predominance of walking cycles and public transport • Paratransit systems of indigenously designed vehicles • Growth in cars and two wheelers

4. High growth rate of mvs and predominance of nmv trips coexist. Why? • Formal and informal sectors coexist. Formal is dependent on MVs trips, informal on NMVs. • Growth of formal sector is responsible for higher growth of informal sector.

5. Inclusive urbanization Symbiosis between formal and informal sectors 841000 persons are employed in organised sector, remaining in unorganised( 2002) 48% unorganised sector is dependent on “own business”-vendors etc. 50% women have daily wage jobs Women are either domestic workers, self employed, or street vendors. 52% women walk to work Women have longer work days than men

6. Planned landuse has lead to ~40,000 households relocation in 4 years

7. Rehabilitation of slums results in converting nmv trips to mv trips • avg. distance to main road before relocation< .5 km. • avg. distance to main road after relocatio>2 kmn • Avg. distance to bus stop 200 m before relocation • Avg. distance to bus stop 1 km afterrelocation • Minimum distance to bus stop before 10m, after 1km

8. Converting walking trips tp motorised trips- buses, RTVs, LCVs Long cycling trips Time poverty of women incfeases Opportunity for “self employed” business reduces

9. Landuse policy can influence the following dimensions to influence urban air pollution (Gwilliam, Kojma. Johnson, 2004): • Density : policy that increases or maintains the population density • Structure :policies that favour the concentration of employment and retail activity • Diversity:traditional separation of landuses has become a net source of airpollution • Local Design: Cities can reduce pollution from short car trips by good design of local facilities for nonmotorized transport These address the ‘formal’/’planned’ sector in cities. 30%-70% urban population remains outside this discussion.

10. Landuse –transport integration for ‘unplanned’ sector implies: • Density : High rise buildings vs small houses (12-18sqm) • Structure :Monocentric/polycentric vs street vendors • Diversity:mixed landuse vs informal markets • Local Design: short car trips vs walking/bicycling trips

11. Landuse-Transport integration for reducing Air Pollution in Asian Cities • Integrating diverse socio economic households in master plan • Street designs and transport system to ensure current and potential walking and bicycling trips • Lessons- indicators and methods from self organising cities.

12. Bus Shelter Cycle/rickshaw lane Cycle/rickshaw lane Bus Lane Bus Lane Houses/ shops Houses/ shops Cars. Two wheelers Cars. Two wheelers