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TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR [Date …Place …Event…Sponsor…Organizer]

TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR [Date …Place …Event…Sponsor…Organizer]. SECOND-HAND TOBACCO SMOKE AND CHILDREN . Children's Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health Sector World Health Organization www.who.int/ceh. October 2011.

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TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR [Date …Place …Event…Sponsor…Organizer]

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  1. TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR [Date …Place …Event…Sponsor…Organizer] SECOND-HAND TOBACCO SMOKE AND CHILDREN Children's Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health Sector World Health Organization www.who.int/ceh October 2011

  2. OBJECTIVESTO UNDERSTAND, RECOGNIZE, AND KNOW: • Definition of second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) • Epidemiology of SHS • Relevance of SHS to children's health • Environmental history and diagnostics of SHS • Changing behaviours of smoking • Policy implications

  3. Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS): Inhalation of tobacco smoke in the air 80–85% of the side stream smoke coming from burning tip of a cigarette Up to 10 times more burdened with toxic substances (e.g. carcinogens) than mainstream smoke DEFINITION OF SECOND-HAND TOBACCO SMOKE SHS is a new technical term for what was previously called Environmental Tobacco Smoke Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  4. TOBACCO SMOKE – WINDOWS OF EXPOSURE • Prenatal exposure • When a mother exposes her unborn child through active smoking or passive exposure via the umbilical cord • Passive childhood exposure • Smoking mothers expose the child via breast-milk • Smoking household members expose the child via indoor air • Active smoking • Some teenagers are starting to smoke in the early years of life

  5. TOXIC, CARCINOGENIC AND IRRITATING SUBSTANCES IN TOBACCO SMOKE WHO

  6. EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE • Important factors for inhalative absorption: • Concentration of pollutants in air • Size of particles and content of pollutants • Respiratory rate • Effective pulmonary absorption • Duration of exposure  WHO

  7. EXPOSURE DATA • Smoking prevalence differs greatly between countries and in different environments (urban vs. rural, socioeconomic classes) • Prevalence of infant passive smoking varies from 10% in Sweden to 60% in Greece, to 40% in the U.S, and to 50-70% in South East Asia. • Number of women of reproductive age who smoke is increasing • Regulations on smoking implemented in many countries to reduce the numbers of smokers

  8. TOBACCO USE IS A GLOBAL PROBLEM • Worldwide there are almost 1 billion male and 250 million female smokers • Global Youth Tobacco Survey showed that almost half of the world's children are exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) • Every day an estimated 82,000 to 99,000 young people start smoking • Children are a specific target group for tobacco industry promotion

  9. [SMOKING TRENDS IN YOUR REGION] • Xxx • Xxx • Xxx • Xxx • Xxx

  10. EXAMPLE: SMOKING TRENDS IN WHO EUROPEAN REGION • 38% male smokers and an increasing gap between east and west • 11 Member States have prevalence rates exceeding 50% • 4 Member States have prevalence rates of less than 30% • Nearly 23% female smokers and a narrowing east-west gap • Smoking prevalence among young people is about 27–30%, with an upward trend generally (and a potential slight decline in the past few years, such as in Germany) • Rising trend among adolescent girls, who have the highest incidence of smoking initiation • Smoking in the WHO European Region still remains at a rate that could have direct and indirect devastating public health effects for Europe

  11. MATERNAL SMOKING AND PRENATAL EXPOSURE Science shows •  miscarriage,  stillbirth •  preterm birth •  birth weight, birth length, head circumference •  risk of birth defects (cleft palate) •  risk of sudden infant death syndrome •  pulmonary growth WHO •  neuro-behavioural abnormalities,  Intelligence Quotient •  childhood cancer

  12. FETAL BIOMETRY AND UMBILICAL FLOWVELOCITY WAVEFORMS Prospective cohort study (Poland, 114 healthy pregnant women) – Kalinka et al, 2005 • All blood flow indices and serum cotinine (positively correlated) • Systolic/diastolic index • Resistance index • Pulsatility index • Increased resistance of umbilical blood flow • "This could be one of the main mechanisms leading to decreased birth weight observed among infants with prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke"

  13. MATERNAL SMOKING More smoke less baby In 19 studies there was a consistent slight effect of second-hand tobacco smoke exposure on birth weight–- pooled weight decrement of 31g (95% confidence interval (-42,-20)) Increased risk (about 20%) intrauterine growth restriction led to smaller birth weight than expected based on pregnancy duration Venezuela Ministry of Health and PAHO/WHO

  14. POSTNATAL EXPOSURE WHO

  15. SMOKING PARENTS Science shows: • 94% sudden infant death syndrome •  60% acute respiratory illnesses •  24 – 40% chronic respiratory symptoms •  21% asthma and exacerbation of asthma symptoms •  growth in lung functioning •  50% recurrent otitis media (repeated ear infection) •  60-100 % cleft palate •  neuro-behavioral deficits •  neurodevelopmental deficits •  childhood cancer

  16. SMOKING PARENTS – SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME • Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden, unexpected death of an infant without any evidence of a fatal illness at autopsy • Postulated mechanisms in relation to exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS): • SHS directly irritates the airways and can cause respiratory infection • Nicotine exposure from SHS alters the infant's • response to hypoxia (abnormal control of cardiorespiratory activity) • catecholamine metabolism

  17. MATERNAL SMOKING – SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME Prenatal and postnatal maternal smoking and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (meta-analysis of 39 studies) Most studies found dose-response relationships with both prenatal and postnatal maternal smoking. Based on: Anderson HR, Cook DG, 1997

  18. TOBACCO SMOKE – CHILDREN’S LUNGS • In early childhood (up to 3 years) lung development continues with the formation of alveoli • Growth in lung function parallels the change in height throughout childhood • Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) increases the risk of respiratory infections, which may adversely affect lung functioning • In utero exposure to maternal smoking may have lasting effects on the airways of the lung • Lung functioning declines with active smoking among older children

  19. SMOKING PARENTS –RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN • First reports of an effect of parental smoking on children’s respiratory symptoms published in the early 1970s ! • Risk if either parent smokes (meta-analysis of 60 studies) Based on: Cook DG, Strachan DP, 1997

  20. LUNG FUNCTIONING 8706 schoolchildren (6–18 years) followed annually:small reductions in lung functioning through adolescence associated with both current and preschool exposure to maternal smoking (Wang, 1994) • Maternal smoking is a stronger determinant of lung functioning than the smoking of the father or other household members • Exposure in utero? • Closer contact of the child with the mother? • Second-hand tobacco smoke more strongly affected FEV1 among boys than girls

  21. SMOKING PARENTS – ASTHMA IN CHILDREN •  21% clinically diagnosed asthma either parent being a smoker • Developing asthma or wheezing is more related to maternal than paternal smoking • Effect was stronger for the first 5–7 years of life than for school age WHO

  22. SMOKING PARENTS – PROGNOSIS OF ASTHMA Disease severity increased, as assessed by: • Frequency and intensity of asthma attacks • Number of emergency room visits during a year • Use of asthma medication • Occurrence of severe asthma attacks (requiring intubation) WHO

  23. ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES • Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) may increase the severity of acute respiratory illnesses by irritating and inflaming the lungs • SHS particles are small and can penetrate the airways and alveoli of the lung • Gaseous components of SHS may adversely affect lung defences, with effects on: • Cilia • Macrophage function • Immune response

  24. ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES • Each year: 150,000 to 200,000 cases of lower respiratory tract illness related to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) in children younger than 18 months in the US, about 5% of which require hospitalization • Results of epidemiological studies • 60% increase if either parent smokes • 70% increase if only the mother smokes • 30% increase if another household member smokes

  25. ACUTE AND CHRONIC MIDDLE EAR DISEASE • Eustachian tube dysfunction is central to the development of middle ear disease • Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) may contribute to Eustachian tube dysfunction though •  Mucociliary clearance •  Adenoidal hyperplasia •  Mucosal swelling •  Frequency of upper respiratory tract infections • Parental smoking is linked with middle ear disease among children and is likely to be a cause

  26. SMOKING PARENTS – NEURO-BEHAVIORAL AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DEFICITS • Biological plausibility of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) causing adverse neurodevelopmental effects • SHS may be potentially more hazardous than in utero exposure to maternal smoking • Inhalation exposure provides a higher dose than transplacental exposure • Childhood may be the critical period for neurodevelopmental effects of exposure to SHS • Children have a longer duration of exposure than do fetuses • In animal experiments, brain development is altered by postnatal but not prenatal exposure to SHS

  27. NEURODEVELOPMENT - WHAT STUDIES SHOW • Decreased academic performance in relation to paternal, maternal, or household smoking reported at the time of a follow-up during childhood • Decreased performance on a range of cognitive, perceptual, central auditory and linguistic abilities in association with postnatal exposure in 3 of 6 studies controlled for prenatal maternal smoking • Decreasedcognitive abilities (reading and math) among children aged 6-16 if exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) • Increasedhyperactive behavior • 100% increase in behavioral problems at the age of 10 in children exposed both pre- and post-natally

  28. NEURO-BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS • 150% increase in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • 100% increase in behavioral problems doubled at the age of 10 in children WHO

  29. PARENTAL SMOKING – CHILDHOOD CANCER • Paternal tobacco smoke • 22% increase in the risk of brain tumour • 200% increase in the risk of lymphoma • 280% increase in the risk of acute myeloid leukemia, 32% increase in the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia • Results on exposure to tobacco smoke from maternal smoking before or after pregnancy are too sparse to allow for conclusion • Brain tumours among the children of non-smoking women exposed to tobacco smoke from the husband’s smoking: • 80% increase for early pregnancy exposure • 70% increase for late pregnancy Chang JS, et al.

  30. CARCINOGEN IN URINE OF INFANTS FROM SHS • Biomarkers of carcinogen uptake may prove second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) • 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (total NNAL), a tobacco carcinogen, measured in the urine of 144 infants exposed to SHTS. • Total NNAL detectable in 67 of 144 infants (46.5%). N° of cigarettes smoked / week in the home or car by family members when the infant was present was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) when NNAL was detected than when it was not (76.0 + 88.1 versus 27.1 +38.2). • Substantial uptake of NNAL in infants exposed to SHS, supports concept that persistent SHS smoke exposure in childhood could be related to cancer later in life

  31. SMOKING AND BREASTFEEDING • Smoking should be avoided during breastfeeding • A breastfeeding woman who does smoke should try continuously to reduce number of cigarettes smoked • Given passive uptake of smoke particles, never smoke near a child National Commission for Breastfeeding in Germany

  32. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: WHAT COULD BE PREVENTED •  70% more respiratory problems (smoking mothers) •  38% pneumonia and hospitalization the first year of life (smoking mothers) •  80% infant mortality (smoking during pregnancy) • 20% of all infant deaths could be avoided if all pregnant smokers stopped by the 16th week of gestation • Infants of mothers who smoke have almost 5 times the risk of sudden infant death syndrome versus infants of mothers who do not smoke

  33. DISEASES CAUSED BY SHS - FEMALES WHO

  34. DISEASES CAUSED BY SHS - MALES WHO

  35. SECONDARY RISK OF SMOKING AT HOME: INTOXICATION • Infants are at risk because they crawl and ingest anything, even cigarette butts • Ingestion is highly toxic: swallowing 1 cigarette or 3 butts is dangerous • Signs of intoxication: severe vomiting after 2-3 hours  Call poison control centre • Cigarette butts are present in huge quantity in the environments as normal waste. Children have access to them in areas such as playgrounds

  36. WHAT CAN YOU DO? WHO

  37. ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES • History • Taking family history in to account is essential to recognize the problem and to advise parents • Questions on smoking habits in the family should be asked at the very first consultation (such as other questions about family, home and pets) • Diagnostic procedures • No routine diagnostic procedures are necessary • For scientific purposes, cotinine analysis of urine or serum can be used to document exposure WHO

  38. PAEDIATRICIAN'S ROLE • Let parents know that asthma and allergies can be triggered by second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) • In a study, only 8% of all parents of children with asthma indicate that the paediatrician talked with them about their smoking habits and asthma! Be different! • Parents consider a clear medical opinion and positive requests to reduce smoking in general as helpful • Doctor-hopping did not occur as a result of medical advice Risa et al, 2000

  39. SUPPORT PARENTS TO QUIT SMOKING! • Use regular contacts (e.g. check-ups), mainly in the first year of life for advising breastfeeding women and/or fathers • Main message: Be constructive! A positive climate makes giving advice to parents easier • Avoid negative comments and positively support all behavioural changes, especially during pregnancy • Preventive guidelines for paediatricians are very helpful WHO

  40. SUPPORT PARENTS TO QUIT SMOKING • Advise parents to stop smoking indoors for good • “As your child’s paediatrician, I must advise you to stop indoor smoking for the benefit of your child” • “One of the best ways for you to help your child is to quit smoking” • Advise parents to not smoke in the car • Advise parents to not smoke indoors • Arrange follow-up visits with the parent • “I’d like to have another appointment with you in a week” • “My nurse will be calling you next week to ask you about your experience”

  41. USE EXISTING REGULAR CHECK-UPS • Avoid accusation, support positive changes • Promote healthy surroundings – clean air • Give practical tips • Reassure parents at follow-up appointments • Admire small changes • Talk to parents about their role model • If parents regress, offer more support, such as nicotine replacement therapy

  42. EXAMPLE: U.S National Cancer Institute’s Ask, Advise, Assist and Arrange model for physician-based smoking cessation • Ask parents about smoking at every opportunity • "I’ve noticed that your daughter has had a large number of respiratory problems. Do you or your spouse smoke cigarettes?" • "How many cigarettes do you smoke each day?" • Advise parents to stop smoking • "As your child’s paediatrician, I must advise you to stop smoking, both for your own health and that of your son" • "One of the best ways for you to help your daughter is to quit smoking" • "Are you willing to attempt to quit smoking?"

  43. PREVENTION WHO

  44. PRIMARY PREVENTION • Start very early (during and before pregnancy)  gynaecologists and midwifes • Within the family, “strengthen the parents” • Education style, consumption style, communication and stress management have to be considered • Use the high acceptance of the doctor/patient/parent contact to sensitize for the dangers of active and passive smoking CDC

  45. Asthma Otitis media Fire related injuries Peer influence to start smoking Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Bronchiolitis Childhood Adolescence Infancy Nicotine addiction Adulthood In utero Low birth weight Stillbirth Developmental Problems Cancer Cardiovascular disease COPD STOP THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON HEALTH Aligne A et al.

  46. TEENS WHO SMOKE • Teens who smoke are: • 3 times more like than non smokers to use alcohol • 8 times more likely to use marijuana • 22 times more likely to use cocaine • On average, someone who smokes a pack a day or more of cigarettes each day lives 7 years less than someone who never smoked • Teenage smokers suffer from shortness of breath almost 3 times as often as teens who don’t smoke, and produce phlegm more than twice as often as teens who don’t smoke

  47. PREVENT TEENAGERS FROM STARTING TO SMOKE • Primary prevention: Do not start to smoke • Secondary prevention: Smoking teenagers need support and advice to stop smoking • Special projects for target groups (children and teenagers) e.g.: • In Germany the programme “Just Be Smoke-free” for teenagers and adolescents is promoted by the German Professional Association of Children’s and Young People’s Physicians and the German Medical Association (www.justbesmokefree.de) WHO

  48. EFFICIENCY OF INTERVENTIONS STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN • Anti-smoking counseling for pregnant women (maternity centers in Lodz) • 149 current smokers and 56 spontaneous quitters randomized into the smoking cessation intervention • 144 current smokers and 37 spontaneous quitters control group • Intervention program included 4 midwife visits during pregnancy and one after delivery • Control units received standard written information about the health risk from maternal smoking to the fetus • Collection of data on smoking relapse one year postpartum. UNICEF / Marta Ramoneda Polanska, Hanke, 2006

  49. EFFICIENCY OF INTERVENTIONS STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN • Smoking cessation was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (odds ratio=5.8; p<0.001) • Smoking abstinence one year after delivery was four times higher in intervention than control group (odds ratio=3.7; p=0.03) WHO Ref: Polanska K, Hanke W.

  50. WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL • Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco • Protection from exposure to smoke - smoke free environments • Packaging and labeling of tobacco products • Education, communication, training and public awareness • Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship • Reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation • Sales to and by minors WHO

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