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Translation Strategies From J.L. Malone, The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation (see C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp. 48-64)Using examples from several language Malone provides a list of NINE translation strategies, i.e. nine different ways to deal with the differences between
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1. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES11 novembre 2008
3. Translation Stategies Equation
Divergence
Amplification
Diffusion
Reordering
Substitution
Convergence
Reduction
Condensation
4. EQUATION/SUBSTITUTION
5. LOAN WORDS Culturally specific words are often loan words:
Italians play rugby or football
The English eat lasagna or pesto
This also happens when the equivalent term exist:
Italians play volley (pallavolo)
The English buy rucola (rocket)
corner/calcio d’angolo
Loan words are typical of technical language:
-software, business, screening…
6. Never take equation for granted: the same word may not mean the same thing in two languages
false-friends:
actually = effettivamente (NON attualmente)
eventually = alla fine (NON eventualmente)
effectively = efficacemente (NON effettivamente)
7. cultural differences:
the experience evoked by a word may not be the same in TL and SL
> spaghetti, caffé…
> cittŕ/paese ? city/town
> REALTA’ > REALITY?
8. REALTA’/REALITY In this case the English equivalent has too high a level of abstraction:
L’arte come imitazione della realtŕ/Art as imitation of REALITY?
La realtŕ č dura/REALITY? is hard
La sua malattia č una realtŕ/Her illness is A REALITY?
Spesso la non vediamo realtŕ... /Often we don’t see REALITY?
La realtŕ economica/The economic REALITY?
9. L’arte come imitazione della realtŕ/Art as imitation of NATURE
La realtŕ č dura/LIFE is hard
La sua malattia č una realtŕ/Her illness is GENUINE
Progetti che diventano realtŕ/Plans which are REALISED
Spesso non vediamo la realtŕ /Often we don’t see THINGS
Ha il senso della realtŕ /He is REALISTIC
Bisogna tenere presente la realtŕ locale/We must keep local NEEDS in mind
La realtŕ economica/The economic SITUATION
10. CALQUE The TL adapts the SL term to its own morphological framework:
e.g.: dribblare, formattare
radice inglese + suffisso italiano
e.g.: bravo!
parola italiana + assenza di concordanza in numero e genere (come in inglese)
11. Calque is used too often in everyday language…
Questo jeans č un attimino stonewashato!
Li cutto, li pasto e te li sendo!
12. FIXED EQUATION The Holy Bible = La Sacra Bibbia
? La Santa Bibbia
?The Sacred Bible
No smoking = Vietato fumare
? Non si fuma
Burning bush = roveto (? cespuglio) ardente
13. In more general terms EQUATION refers to the default situation wherby a tarmi s translated with its one-to-one equivalent (e.g. GENTLE = GENTILE)
14. SUBSTITUTIONthe antithesis of equation GRAMMAR
Gulliver’s travels
I viaggi di Gulliver
Farň in modo che si convinca a venire
I’ll try to get her to come
I want you to know that …
Voglio che tu sappia che…
15. SUBSTITUTION SEMANTICS
La goccia che fa traboccare il vaso
The straw that broke the camel’s back
PRAGMATICS
Do not lean out
E’ pericoloso sporgersi
16. DIVERGENCE/CONVERGENCE
18. She saw a beautiful dress in the window
She opened the window
She lowered the window
20. AMPLIFICATION/REDUCTION
21. AMPLIFICATION Swansea is the birthplace of Dylan Thomas
Swasea č il luogo natale del famoso scrittore e poeta Dylan Thomas
Display
Esporre ben in vista
22. REDUCTION Carta geografica
Map
23. DIFFUSION/CONDENSATION
24. DIFFUSION A source text item or utterance is expanded without adding any extra layer of meaning
25. CONDENSATION A source text item or utterance is contracted without omitting any layer of meaning:
26. REORDERING Procedures introduced to the re-arrange syntactic units into the most familiar patterns of the target language
27. HIGH PRESSURE Pressione alta: high blood pressure
28. According to 1998-2000 figures, 12% of Europe's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated by tourism and tourism-related activities and over 20 million jobs have been created in this sector, essentially within Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs).
> ... e in questo settore sono stati creati piů di 20 millioni di posti di lavoro
29. HOMEWORK Da C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp. 48-64
Suggestions for further practice:
1) download
TRAVELLING IN EUROPE 2008
http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/72/index_en.htm
VIAGGIARE IN EUROPA 2008
http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/72/index_it.htm
2) compare the two texts in terms of translation strategies