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TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 11 novembre 2008

Translation Strategies From J.L. Malone, The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation (see C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp. 48-64)Using examples from several language Malone provides a list of NINE translation strategies, i.e. nine different ways to deal with the differences between

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TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 11 novembre 2008

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    1. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 11 novembre 2008

    3. Translation Stategies Equation Divergence Amplification Diffusion Reordering Substitution Convergence Reduction Condensation

    4. EQUATION/SUBSTITUTION

    5. LOAN WORDS Culturally specific words are often loan words: Italians play rugby or football The English eat lasagna or pesto This also happens when the equivalent term exist: Italians play volley (pallavolo) The English buy rucola (rocket) corner/calcio d’angolo   Loan words are typical of technical language: -software, business, screening…

    6. Never take equation for granted: the same word may not mean the same thing in two languages   false-friends: actually = effettivamente (NON attualmente) eventually = alla fine (NON eventualmente) effectively = efficacemente (NON effettivamente)

    7. cultural differences: the experience evoked by a word may not be the same in TL and SL > spaghetti, caffé… > cittŕ/paese ? city/town > REALTA’ > REALITY?

    8. REALTA’/REALITY In this case the English equivalent has too high a level of abstraction: L’arte come imitazione della realtŕ/Art as imitation of REALITY? La realtŕ č dura/REALITY? is hard La sua malattia č una realtŕ/Her illness is A REALITY? Spesso la non vediamo realtŕ... /Often we don’t see REALITY? La realtŕ economica/The economic REALITY?

    9. L’arte come imitazione della realtŕ/Art as imitation of NATURE La realtŕ č dura/LIFE is hard La sua malattia č una realtŕ/Her illness is GENUINE Progetti che diventano realtŕ/Plans which are REALISED Spesso non vediamo la realtŕ /Often we don’t see THINGS Ha il senso della realtŕ /He is REALISTIC Bisogna tenere presente la realtŕ locale/We must keep local NEEDS in mind La realtŕ economica/The economic SITUATION

    10. CALQUE The TL adapts the SL term to its own morphological framework: e.g.: dribblare, formattare radice inglese + suffisso italiano e.g.: bravo! parola italiana + assenza di concordanza in numero e genere (come in inglese)

    11. Calque is used too often in everyday language… Questo jeans č un attimino stonewashato! Li cutto, li pasto e te li sendo!

    12. FIXED EQUATION The Holy Bible = La Sacra Bibbia ? La Santa Bibbia ?The Sacred Bible No smoking = Vietato fumare ? Non si fuma Burning bush = roveto (? cespuglio) ardente

    13. In more general terms EQUATION refers to the default situation wherby a tarmi s translated with its one-to-one equivalent (e.g. GENTLE = GENTILE)

    14. SUBSTITUTION the antithesis of equation GRAMMAR Gulliver’s travels I viaggi di Gulliver Farň in modo che si convinca a venire I’ll try to get her to come I want you to know that … Voglio che tu sappia che…

    15. SUBSTITUTION SEMANTICS La goccia che fa traboccare il vaso The straw that broke the camel’s back   PRAGMATICS Do not lean out E’ pericoloso sporgersi

    16. DIVERGENCE/CONVERGENCE

    18. She saw a beautiful dress in the window She opened the window She lowered the window

    20. AMPLIFICATION/REDUCTION

    21. AMPLIFICATION Swansea is the birthplace of Dylan Thomas Swasea č il luogo natale del famoso scrittore e poeta Dylan Thomas Display Esporre ben in vista

    22. REDUCTION Carta geografica Map

    23. DIFFUSION/CONDENSATION

    24. DIFFUSION A source text item or utterance is expanded without adding any extra layer of meaning

    25. CONDENSATION A source text item or utterance is contracted without omitting any layer of meaning:

    26. REORDERING Procedures introduced to the re-arrange syntactic units into the most familiar patterns of the target language

    27. HIGH PRESSURE Pressione alta: high blood pressure

    28. According to 1998-2000 figures, 12% of Europe's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated by tourism and tourism-related activities and over 20 million jobs have been created in this sector, essentially within Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs). > ... e in questo settore sono stati creati piů di 20 millioni di posti di lavoro

    29. HOMEWORK Da C. Taylor, Language to Language, pp. 48-64 Suggestions for further practice: 1) download TRAVELLING IN EUROPE 2008 http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/72/index_en.htm VIAGGIARE IN EUROPA 2008 http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/72/index_it.htm 2) compare the two texts in terms of translation strategies

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