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Reason

Reason The intellectual ability to apprehend the truth cognitively, either immediately in intuition, or by means of a process of inference. Reason. “If the coach and horses and the footmen and the beautiful clothes all turned back into the pumpkin and the mice and

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Reason

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  1. ReasonThe intellectual ability to apprehend the truth cognitively, either immediately in intuition, or by means of a process of inference

  2. Reason “If the coach and horses and the footmen and the beautiful clothes all turned back into the pumpkin and the mice and the rags, then how come the glass slipper didn’t turn back, too?”

  3. Deductive/Inductive Logic • Distinction in logic between types of reasoning, arguments, or inferences. In a deductive argument, the truth of the premises is supposed to guarantee the truth of the conclusion; in an inductive argument, the truth of the premises merely makes it probable that the conclusion is true.

  4. Analogy and Induction Offer new information based on experience Analogical Inference Induction • (This looks like an instance of that) • “This should be a good restaurant” • Often used in everyday life and in applied disciplines (medicine, law) • May furnish wrong results, but is an extremely powerful tool to proceed from the known to the unknown, and to solve problems quickly • Most common error in reasoning: • “False analogy” (informal fallacy) • (It’s happened once, twice, 1,000times…it will always happen) • “The sun will rise tomorrow” • Source of general assertions used in deduction • Most common error in reasoning: • “Hasty generalization” (informal fallacy)

  5. Deduction Offers no new information Direct Inference (1 premise) Syllogism (2 premises) • “If all people are mortal, then no person is immortal.” • Based on relationships between quantifiers “all”, “some”, and “no/none” • Important kind: Negation. To negate “all people are mortal,” one case of an immortal person suffices • Always offers true conclusions if original premise is true and inference is valid • “If all people are mortal, and I am a person, then I am mortal.” • Allows application of general assertions to particular cases • Important kinds: Disjunctive (including “and” and “or”), hypothetical (If…then), and categorical (“deductive”) syllogisms • Always offers true conclusions if premises are true and syllogism is valid Deductive reasoning errors are called “formal fallacies”.

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