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Post Partum Depression

Post Partum Depression. A hidden culprit revealed. Intro to PPD. Post partum depression is can be classified as a perinatal mood or anxiety disorder that typically occurs during pregnancy or after delivery.

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Post Partum Depression

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  1. Post Partum Depression A hidden culprit revealed

  2. Intro to PPD • Post partum depression is can be classified as a perinatal mood or anxiety disorder that typically occurs during pregnancy or after delivery. • It may “rear it’s head” over the first two to three postpartum months but may occur at any point after delivery. • Postpartum depression is clinically indistinguishable from depression occurring at other times during a woman’s life.

  3. Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders • “Women of every culture, age, income level and race can develop perinatal mood and anxiety disorders”. • Post partum depression is a common perinatal anxiety disorder. • 15 to 20% of women experience very intense symptoms of depression or anxiety after child birth

  4. Many women have experienced of signs of post partum and are unaware that they are secretly dealing with anxiety or depression. • It can also be experienced by new fathers. • Most of the signs of depression may go unnoticed because new parents assume that the changes are due to the new addition.

  5. Major Misconception • Post Partum depression is often associated with the “baby blues”, which is a name given to the sadness brought on by the ins and outs of new parenting. • Baby blues is more of a frustration with the lack of sleep, baby’s crying and other aspects of caring for a new infant. • Post partum however has a more silent and possibly deadly nature than the baby blues.

  6. Causes: Biological • Post partum depression, also known as PPD, in women, is typically caused by a combination of biological, genetic and environmental factors. • There is a dramatic change in hormone levels shortly after delivery. These heightened levels cause extreme shifts in moods—which can be unbearable for some people. • Levels of progesterone,prolactin, estradiol, free and total estriol, and free and totalcortisol were measured on several occasions during late pregnancyand soon after delivery. It has been found that the hormone levels are extremely high in PPD patients.

  7. Causes: Genetic • It is also affected by history of depression in families. • A person with a family history of depression (bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder or previous diagnosis of depression) is 6 times more likely to experience PPD.

  8. Causes: Environmental • Environmental stability also determines the likelihood of PPD. • Women who are experiencing turmoil within in relationships, have high levels of stress in their daily lives and who have very little support are most likely to suffer the effects of PPD. • High stress levels paired with anxiety of parenting and a low support system can cause a person to feel as though they are caught in a storm.

  9. Risk factors of Post Partum Depression • Previous episode of PPD • Depression during pregnancy • History of depression or bipolar disorder • Recent stressful life events • Inadequate social supports • Marital problems

  10. Symptoms • Feeling more irritable, sad, depressed or anxious • Fatigue, lack of sleep and or excessive sleeping • Changes in eating habits. Eating too much or too little. • Worry that you may cause harm to yourself or your baby. • Regret for having the baby or uncertainty whether you can successfully be a parent.

  11. Pre-delivery and Post-delivery questionnaires • Every pregnant woman has experienced the overload of questions on feelings when she has gone to the doctor for an exam. • The closer to delivery the more she is compounded by these questions. These “surveys” are used to aid doctors in seeing the warning signs of depression prior to delivery. • After pregnancy, and to each well child doctor visit, the first thing the office asks you to do is to fill out a survey, expressing your feelings—now that you have had your child. • Due to the change in hormone level, a “happy” expectant mother can become a very sad new mommy.

  12. EPDS • The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Survey was created to screen women within their 6-8 week post delivery exam. • It can be used to determine women’s postnatal emotional levels. • There are 10 questions that must be answered 0,1,2, or 3, increased numbers meaning increased severity. • Scores between 9 and 13 must be considered for further treatment.

  13. Diagnosing PPD • Once it has been concluded that a person is suffering from PPD, the doctor is then obligated to offer treatment—as a precaution for both parent and child. • Steps are taken to determine the severity of the depression. • According to the New York Times, “In one study, although 21% of patients who visited their family doctors were depressed, only 1% described their problem as depression.” • If the diagnosis is missed or untreated, it may result in the loss of attachment from parent to child, constant mood shifts and in some cases harming of either themselves or the child.

  14. Treatments: Non-medicinal • Self-coping as a method of treatment is common, mothers try to deal with the anxiety by themselves. • Counseling may be helpful. Talking over issues may aid new parents in relieving the stress associated with PPD. • Cognitive Behavior Therapy • Interpersonal Therapy • Natural Measures include: St. John’s Wort herb (not to be used along side of antidepressants) or other herbal supplements • SUPPORT can be a major aid in treating PPD.

  15. Treatments: Drugs • Anti-depressants are often used to treat depression. • Breast feeding mothers have to be mindful of the drugs that they are given as they may have adverse effects on their nursing infants. • These drugs may also cause jitteriness, nausea and loss of appetite.

  16. Extreme Untreated Cases: Legality Cases: • If PPD goes untreated, it can be detrimental to parents, children or everyone. • In cases of criminal behavior or child endangerment many women have used post partum depression as an insanity plea. • Andrea Yates, who drowned her children was claimed to suffer from PPD. • Paula Thompson, who attempted to kill her children was also diagnosed as having PPD. • Heidi Anfinson was convicted as well.

  17. Court decisions Cases: cont’d • In the case of Andrea Yates, her lawyers argued that she suffered from PPD. Her case was studied several times and she was convicted of killing 3 of her 5 children. • Paula Thompson, who studied Andrea Yates, attempted to drown her children. She plead guilty to child endangerment. Although she told the sheriffs “I want to kill my children”, she was released under psychiatric care and sentenced 160 hours of community service. • Heidi Anfinson, who was convicted of killing her children is up for a new trial because her lawyers failed to disclose her medical history including PPD and other forms of depression.

  18. Resources Post Partum Support International offers assistance to people seeking local support centers. This information can be found via the web at http://www.postpartum.net/Get-Help.aspx Or by phone at : 1-800-944-4PDD 24 hour assistance is available for emergency situations at : www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org Or by phone at : 1-800-273-8255

  19. Conclusion • As you can see, untreated PPD has lead to the deaths of many children over history. There is an urgency for the signs of post partum depression and any other form, for that matter, to be noticed, diagnosed and treated. As stated before, many people fail to realize that these symptoms are actually being caused by a perinatal disorder. There are many resources available to those who desire to seek help. Support from family and friends are the most important aids in helping to prevent PPD. Untreated PPD can be devastating to anyone involved in the lives of the entire family. Be aware of the warning signs, it just might save a life.

  20. Bibliography • Carter, Chelsea J. "Woman With Postpartum Depression Pleads Guilty - ABC News." ABCNews.com - Breaking News, Politics, Online News, World News, Feature Stories, Celebrity Interviews and More - ABC News. Web. 29 July 2010. <http://abcnews.go.com/US/Depression/story?id=92935&page=1>. • "Convicted Murderer Heidi Anfinson Gets New Trial - Topix." Topix: Your Town. Your News. Your Take. Web. 29 July 2010. <http://www.topix.com/forum/city/ankeny-ia/T57D7K5I5ETUNDN6P>. • International, Postpartum Support. Home. Web. 6 July 2010. <http://www.postpartum.net/>. • "Natural Remedies for Postpartum Depression." Herbal Remedies and Natural Remedies for ADD ADHD Anxiety and More. Web. 29 July 2010. <http://www.nativeremedies.com/articles/natural-remedies-postpartum-depression.html>. • "Postpartum Depression (PPD) Treatments: Counseling and Antidepressants." WebMD - Better Information. Better Health. Web. 16 July 2010. <http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/postpartum-depression-treatment-overview>. • "Postpartum Depression Scale." Childbirth and Pregnancy Resource: ChildbirthSolutions. Web. 6 July 2010. <http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/postpartum/epds/index.php>. • "Post-Partum Depression Treatment - Post-Partum Depression Health Information - NY Times Health." Health News - The New York Times. Web. 26 July 2010. <http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/post-partum-depression/treatment.html>.

  21. Bibliography cont’d • "PRACTICING SAFETY - HOME." AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS WEB SITE. Web. 6 July 2010. <http://www.aap.org/practicingsafety>. • Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Postpartum Depression - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic Medical Information and Tools for Healthy Living - MayoClinic.com. Web. 6 July 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/postpartum-depression/ds00546>. • Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Postpartum Depression: Symptoms - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic Medical Information and Tools for Healthy Living - MayoClinic.com. Web. 26 July 2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/postpartum-depression/DS00546/DSECTION=symptoms>. • Waddington, Lynda. "Iowa Supreme Court: Postpartum Depression Should Have Been Disclosed in Murder Trial | RHRealityCheck.org." RHRealityCheck.org | Reproductive Health Information, News, Commentary and Community. Web. 29 July 2010. <http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2008/10/20/iowa-supreme-court-postpartum-depression-sh

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