The War to End War

1. The War to End War Theme 1: Entering World War I in response to Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson turned America’s participation into a fervent ideological crusade for democracy that successfully stirred the public to a great voluntary war effort, but at some cost to traditional civil liberties. Theme 2: After America’s limited bu important contribution to the Allied victory, a triumphant Wilson attempted to construct a peace based on his idealistic Fourteen Points. But European and senatorial opposition, and especially his own political errors, doomed American ratification of the Versailles Treaty and participation in the League of Nations.

2. I. Outbreak of War • Precarious Neutrality • Assassination of Archduke • Pro-British or Pro-German? • Blockade v. U-Boats • Despite early recession, trade benefitted Allies ($2.4B), upset Central Powers ($169 M) • JP Morgan lent Allies $ • Wilson warned “strict accountability” • Lusitania, 1915 (1198/128 US) • Wilson warns with measured approach • Resignation of Bryan and war-thirsty TR • Arabic, 1915 (2 US) • Germans no sinking unarmed ships without warning. • Sussex, 1916 (4 US) • Sussex ultimatum (unless stop, break diplomatic relations) and pledge • “watchful waiting” during 1916 elections • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 1917 • Wilson broke diplomatic relations • Declaration of War • Zimmerman Note, 1917 • Idealism of Wilson • “War to end all Wars” • “Make world safe for democracy” • 14 Points

3. II. War Highlights • Homefront Mobilization by overzealous CPI (Creel) • Enforcing Loyalty • Espionage and Sedition Acts • Radicals and Schenck case • Factories go to War • War Industries Board (Baruch) • “Labor will win the War!” NWLB (Taft) • Unions struggled • Society Challenges • Racial riots • 18th Amendment, 1919 • 19th Amendment, 1920 • War Economy • Propaganda and volunteerism • Food Administration (Hoover) • Military Mobilization by Pershing • Doughboys • Selective Service Act, 1917 • Western Front, 1918 • 2nd Battle Marne, Meuse-Argonne Offensive • Cease-fire • Wilson demands Kaiser removal and supplies • 112, 432 US deaths (half disease)

5. III. Battle over the League of Nations • Paris Peace Conference • Participants • Big Four: Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando • Notable absent: Henry Cabot Lodge and Russia • “World Parliament” • League Covenant • 5 permanent members • Mandates • 14 Points-Article X (morally bound US to aid) • Versailles Treaty • Article 231 and reparations • League of Nations-self determination • Opposition to the Treaty • Irreconcilables opposed the treaty-feared entangling alliances • Presidential tour, 1919 • Lodge Reservations but rejected by Wilson • Election of 1920 a referendum on the League of Nations Former president with former First lady, Edith Wilson. After his presidency, Wilson Lived in Washington, D.C. and lived the Life of an invalid until he died

6. Putting Things In Order(use the information from chapter 30 to answer these questions) 1.Germany’s resumption of submarine warfare forces the United States onto a declaration of war. 2.The Senate’s final defeat of the Versailles treaty and a Republican election victory ends Wilson’s last hopes for American entry into the League of Nations 3.The United States takes the first steps towards preparedness in the event of war 4.The effectiveness of the American combat troops in crucial battle helps bring about an Allied victory in World War one 5.Wilson struggles with other Allied leaders in Paris to hammer out a peace treaty and organize a postwar world

7. Answers To Putting Things in Order • A.2 • B.5 • C.1 • D.3 • E. 4