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Exploration in Africa

Exploration in Africa. I. The Age of European Exploration & Colonization. Western European countries expand during 15th century Explore, conquer, and colonize Trade Eastern markets of India, China, and Japan New World Demand for laborers led to Atlantic slave trade.

rahim-velazquez
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Exploration in Africa

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  1. Exploration in Africa

  2. I. The Age of EuropeanExploration & Colonization Western European countries expand during 15th century Explore, conquer, and colonize Trade Eastern markets of India, China, and Japan New World Demand for laborers led to Atlantic slave trade

  3. II. The Slave Trade in Africa African kingdoms and Islamic nations conduct brisk commerce Not race based Arab merchants and West African kings imported white slaves from Europe

  4. The Slave Trade in Africa CONT • West African slave trade dealt mainly in women and children who would serve as concubines and servants • European demand for agricultural laborers changed slave trading patterns

  5. III. Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade Demand for labor in 16th century Spanish gold and silver mines Portuguese sugar plantations Tobacco, rice and indigo

  6. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Where? 5% 65% 60% 30% 35% 5%

  7. Estimated Slave Imports by Destination, 1451–1870

  8. TRIANGLE TRADE North America Rum, and Weapons Molasses The Caribbean Africa Slaves

  9. In this late-eighteenth-century drawing, African slave traders conduct a group of bound captives from the interior of Africa toward European trading posts. SOURCE: Culver Pictures, Inc.

  10. The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination (cont.) High mortality Exhaustion, suicide, murder Long, forced marches from interior to coast Factories served as Headquarters for traders Warehouses for trade goods Pens or dungeons for captives

  11. The Crossing Canary Islands to the Windward Islands 40 to 180 days to reach the Caribbean Pirates attacked Spanish ships Frightening experience

  12. New York docks. Economic reasons even up until the 1800’s.

  13. Shipping rates fell from $25 per ton in the early 1850’s, to $11 in 1857. Increased domestic manufacturing lessened the need for overseas imports. The ships also began aging, and required more money to be properly maintained. There was a glut of sail in the late 1850’s, and ship-owners were eager to make money any way they could.

  14. The Slavers Small and narrow ships Most captains were “tight packers” Ignored formula in the name of profits

  15. The Slavers (cont.) Crowded, unsanitary conditions Slaves rode on planks 66” x 15” only 20”– 25” of headroom Chained in pairs High mortality rates One-third perish between capture and embarkation

  16. 3’3” Provisions = trouble

  17. British Slave Ship Plan of the British Slave Ship Brookes, 1788. This plan, which may undercount the human cargo the Brookes carried, shows how tightly Africans were packed aboard slave ships.

  18. Provisions for the Middle Passage Slaves fed twice per day Poor and insufficient diet Vegetable pulps, stews, and fruits Denied meat or fish Ten people eating in one bucket Unwashed hands spread disease Malnutrition, weakness, depression, death The diseased were thrown overboard.

  19. Sanitation, Disease, and Death Astronomically high before 1750 Poor sanitation No germ theory Malaria, yellow fever, smallpox, dysentery

  20. African Women on Slavers Less protection against unwanted sexual attention from European men African women worth half the price of African men in the Caribbean markets Separation from male slaves made them easier targets

  21. VI. Landing and Sale in the West Indies Pre-sale Bathed and exercised Oiled bodies to conceal blemishes and bruises Hemp plugs

  22. VII. Seasoning Creoles slaves born in the Americas worth three times price of unseasoned Africans Old Africans Lived in the Americas for some time New Africans Had just survived the middle passage Creoles and Old Africans instruct New Africans

  23. Seasoning Cont • Slaves seasoned in Barbados • Worked out to see if they could handle the new climate, and environment • Work day and Night in slave camps • Than were sold and shipped to parts of the Caribbean and the Americas

  24. VIII. The End of Journey Survival One-third died Men died at a greater rate than women Adapted to new foods Learned a new language Psychological ~ no longer suicidal Africans retained culture despite the hardships and cruel treatment Created bonds with shipmates that replaced blood kinship

  25. IX. The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade • Cruelties help end Atlantic slave trade • Great Britain bans Atlantic slave trade in 1807 • Patrols African coast to enforce • United states congress outlaws slave trade in 1808 • Guinea and western central African kingdoms oppose banning slave trade

  26. Conclusion • Nine to eleven million Africans brought to the Americas during three centuries of trade • Millions more died • Most arrived between 1701 and 1810 • Only 600,000 reached the British colonies of north America

  27. Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade • In Africa, numerous cultures lost generations of their strongest members, both men and women. • The slave trade introduced guns to the African continent • African slaves contributed greatly to the cultural and economic development of the Americas. • Africans brought their culture to the Americas

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