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Life Cycle Models for High-Technology Projects

Life Cycle Models for High-Technology Projects. Applying Systems Thinking to Managing Projects Russ Archibald, PMP, FPMI. Purpose of My Presentation. To enhance your ability to: Develop the best life cycle model for your projects Document your Project Life Cycle Management System/PLCMS

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Life Cycle Models for High-Technology Projects

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  1. Life Cycle Models for High-Technology Projects Applying Systems Thinking to Managing Projects Russ Archibald, PMP, FPMI

  2. Purpose of My Presentation • To enhance your ability to: • Develop the best life cycle model for your projects • Document your Project Life Cycle Management System/PLCMS • Improve your PLCMS through systems thinking Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  3. Presentation Outline • Categorizing Projects • Project Life Cycle Models & PLCMS • Hi-Tech Project Categories & Their Life Cycles • Improving the PLCMS • Conclusions Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  4. 1. Categorizing Projects • Projects: • Are the common denominator for all aspects of project management • Exist in many sizes & types • Produce many different products & results • Can be classified in many different ways Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  5. Project Categories • Why bother? Because: • “One size does not fit all” • Life cycle models and processes good for one category are not good for others • Recommended categories are based on project end results Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  6. Aerospace/Defense Business & Organizational Change Projects Communication Systems Projects Event Projects Facilities Projects Information Systems International Development Media & Entertainment Product/Service Development Research & Dev. Recommended Major Categories Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  7. Other Major Categories May Be Required • See Table 1 in the paper for detail • Where to download: see later slide • Further breakdown is obviously required • A few examples follow Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  8. Project Categories: Each having similar life cycle phases and a unique project management process Examples 1. Aerospace/Defense Projects 1.1 Defense systems 1.2 Space 1.3 Military operations New weapon system; major system upgrade. Satellite development/launch; space station mod. Task force invasion 2. Business & Organization Change Projects 2.1 Acquisition/Merger 2.2 Management process improvement 2.3 New business venture 2.4 Organization re-structuring 2.5 Legal proceeding Acquire and integrate competing company. Major improvement in project management. Form and launch new company. Consolidate divisions and downsize company. Major litigation case. 3. Communication Systems Projects 3.1 Network communications systems 3.2 Switching communications systems Microwave communications network. 3rd generation wireless communication system. 4. Event Projects 4.1 International events 4.2 National events 2004 Summer Olympics; 2006 World Cup Match. 2005 U. S. Super Bowl; 2004 Political Conventions. 5. Facilities Projects 5.1 Facility decommissioning 5.2 Facility demolition 5.3 Facility maintenance and modification 5.4 Facility design/procurement/construction Civil, Energy, Environmental, High rise, Industrial, Commercial, Residential, Ships Closure of nuclear power station. Demolition of high rise building. Process plant maintenance turnaround. Flood control dam; highway interchange. New gas-fired power generation plant; pipeline. Chemical waste cleanup. 40 story office building. New manufacturing plant. New shopping centerNew housing sub-division. New tanker, container, or passenger ship 6. Information Systems (Software) Projects New project management information system. (Information system hardware is considered to be in the product development category.) 7. International Development Projects 7.1 Agriculture/rural development, 7.2 Education, 7.3 Health, 7.4 Nutrition, 7.5 Population, 7.6 Small-scale enterprise 7.7 Infrastructure: energy, industrial, telecomm., transportation, urbanization, water supply and sewage, irrigation People and process intensive projects in developing countries funded by The World Bank, regional development banks, US AID, UNIDO, other UN, and government agencies; and Capital/civil works intensive projects—often somewhat different from 5. Facility Projects as they may include creating an organizational entity to operate the facility, 8. Media & Entertainment Projects 8.1 Motion picture 8.2 TV segment 8.2 Live play or music event New motion picture (film or digital). New TV episode. New opera premiere. 9. Product and Service Development Projects 9.1 Information technology hardware 9.2 Industrial product/process 9.3 Consumer product/process 9.4 Pharmaceutical product/process 9.5 Service (financial, other) New desk-top computer. New earth-moving machine. New automobile, new food product. New cholesterol-lowering drug. New life insurance/annuity offering. 10. Research and Development Projects 10.1 Environmental 10.2 Industrial 10.3 Economic development 10.4 Medical 10.5 Scientific Measure changes in the ozone layer. How to reduce pollutant emission. Determine best crop for sub-Sahara Africa. Test new treatment for breast cancer. Determine the possibility of life on Mars. 11. Other Categories?

  9. Sub-Categories Are Required One example: • Business & Organization Change Projects: • Acquisition/merger • Management process improvement • New business venture • Organization re-structuring • Legal proceeding • Other: ? Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  10. Example:Category 5. Facilities Projects Subcategories: • Facility decommissioning • Facility demolition • Facility maintenance & modification • Facility design/procure/construct1.Civil 2.Energy 3.Environmental 4.Industrial 5.Commercial 6.Residential 7.Ships 8.Other: • Other: ? Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  11. Categories AreNot Mutually Exclusive • Programs and large projects usually involve more than one category or sub-category • These projects are placed in their predominate category • Must “Mega” projects be treated separately? Probably: yes Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  12. Classifying Within Categories & Sub-Categories • Project size • Project complexity • External or internal customer • Degree of customer involvement • Levels of risk Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  13. Classifying Within Categories (Cont’d) • Major & minor projects • Mega projects: not categorizable? • Stand-alone versus create supporting infrastructure • Standard versus transitional • Other: ? Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  14. Current Global Survey Will Test This Approach • Global survey of project categories & life cycles in progress • Please go to: http://ipmaglobalsurvey.com • Download 11 page paper and complete the online survey prior to Nov. 15 • Results will be reported to respondents Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  15. 2. Project Life Cycle Models & PLC Management Systems • Many life cycle models are in use • They portray a project as an overall process or system • Their purposes include: • To enable all to understand overall process • To capture best experience, enable improvement • To relate roles, responsibilities, systems and tools to all elements of the project Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  16. Generic Life Cycle: 4 Phases • Concept • Initiation, identification, selection • Definition • Feasibility, development, demonstration, design prototype, quantification • Execution • Implementation, realization, production & deployment, design/construct/commission, installation and test • Closeout Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  17. Generic Life Cycles • Apply to any project • Too broad to be very useful, practical • Need to be tailored to the project category… … And key environmental factors Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  18. 3 Parameters to Work With: • Number & definition of phases & sub-phases • Their inter-relationships: sequential, overlapping, repeated • Number, definition and placement of key decision points Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  19. Identify Deliverables: Each Phase and Sub-Phase • Documents related to the project: • Objectives, scope, plans, schedules, reports, authorizations, work orders, etc. • Documents related to the product: • Specs, drawings, product cost, reports, etc. • Physical products or results: • Mock-ups, models, prototypes, test articles, tooling, equipment, software, facilities, materials, etc. Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  20. Defining Decision Points • Key events/milestones – ‘gates’ – at start & end of a phase or sub-phase • Decisions typically authorize project manager & team to: • Complete current phase, start next • Revise objectives, scope, schedule • Re-plan, re-start, repeat previous work • Terminate or put project on hold Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  21. Deliverables & Decision Points • Decisions are often made based on contents or results of key deliverables • Therefore these two elements are closely linked • You can’t make good decisions without adequate information Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  22. Documenting a Project Life Cycle Management Process • Define the life cycle: • Select the life cycle model to be used • Name phases, sub-phases decision points • Establish inter-relationships among them • Portray the result: flow chart, narrative • Specify authorizing documents: • Purpose & levels of approval authority • For initiation & major changes Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  23. Documenting PLCMS (Cont’d) • Identify key roles & define responsibilities • Identify major deliverables by phase • Specify issue escalation procedures • Specify differences for: • Major vs minor projects, or • Other project classes within a sub-category Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  24. 3. Hi-Tech Project Categories & Their Life Cycles • 4 (of 10) basic hi-tech categories: • Communication Systems • Information Systems • Product & Service Development • Research & Development Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  25. Hi-Tech in Other Categories • Defense/Aerospace: • Very advanced, specialized life cycles prescribed by DOD & NASA • Facilities: • Very mature, specialized life cycle models • Hi-tech projects within programs in these and other categories can be placed in one of the preceding 4 hi-tech categories Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  26. Two Types of Hi-Tech Life Cycle Models • Predictive: • Waterfall, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development/RAD, Incremental Build, Spiral • Adaptive: • Adaptive Software Development/ASD, Extreme Programming/XP, SCRUM Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  27. Predictive Life Cycle Models • Waterfall • Linear ordering phases, sequential or overlapping, no phase repeated • Prototyping • Functional requirements and physical design specs are generated simultaneously • Rapid Application Development/RAD • Based on an evolving prototype that is not thrown away Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  28. Predictive LC Models (Cont’d) • Incremental Build • Decomposition of large development effort into a succession of smaller components • Spiral • Repetition of the same set of life-cycle phases such as plan, develop, build, and evaluate until development is complete Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  29. Adaptive Life Cycle Models • Adaptive Software Development/ASD: • Mission driven, component based, iterative cycles, time boxed cycles, risk drive, change tolerant • Extreme Programming/XP • Teams of developers, managers, and users; programming done in pairs; iterative process; collective code ownership Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  30. Adaptive LC Models (Cont’d) • SCRUM (as in rugby) • Similar to above adaptive models with iterations called “sprints” that typically last 30 days • Defined functionality to be met in each sprint • Active management role throughout Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  31. XP Resources www.extremeprogramming.org/index/html www.industriallogic.com www.xprogramming.com www.objectmentor.com/home http://c2.com/cg/wiki?ExtremeProgrammingRoadmap Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  32. Impact of Environment on Life Cycle Model Selection • Project environment is of primary importance in selecting a LC model for a given project category: • Organizational characteristics • Familiarity with involved technology • Competitive demands (schedule, other) • Other Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  33. 4. Improving the PLCMS • Document the integrated project life cycle model • Document & describe the PLCMS • Re-engineer the integrated process • Apply systems thinking: TOC • Implement the improvements • Repeat these steps as required Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  34. Re-Engineer the PLCMS • Identify system constraints, gaps & weaknesses • Relate poor results to constraints & benefits to their removal • Look for speed bumps, accelerators • Redesign the PLCMS to remove constraints Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  35. Implement Improvements • Obtain approval to conduct tests and analyses • Plan, approve & execute the improvement project to implement the revised PLCMS Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  36. Seven Goals of the New Product Life Cycle Process • Quality of execution • Sharper focus, better project prioritization • Strong market orientation • Sharp, early product identification • True cross-functional team approach • Products with competitive advantage • Fast-paved & flexible process Source: Cooper et al 2001 see www.prod-dev.com Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  37. Stage-GateTM Life Cycle ProcessSource: Cooper et al 2001 see www.prod-dev.com

  38. Apply Theory of Constraints/TOC (Source: Leach 2000) • Identify system constraints • Decide how to exploit system constraints • Subordinate all else to above decision • Elevate the system constraints • Does the new constraint limit output? Yes: Back to step 1 No: Beware inertia Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  39. 5. Conclusions • Project categories are important: • Based on end results best way (?) • Sub-categories also needed • Further classification within categories and sub-categories needed Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  40. 5. Conclusions (Cont’d) • Project life cycle models must be designed for each category/sub-category • Define and inter-relate phases & sub-phases • Identify deliverables for each of these • Define & relate decision points Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  41. 5. Conclusions (Cont’d) • Project Life Cycle Management System PLCMS must be well defined: • For each project category/sub-category • Enables application of systems thinking to improve the process Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  42. 5. Conclusions (Cont’d) • Two types of life cycle models are used for high-technology projects: • Predictive • Adaptive With several variations within each of these Selection depends on the key environmental factors affecting the project Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  43. 5. Conclusions (Cont’d) • Systematic improvement of PLCMS is achieved through: • Re-engineering the total system • Application of TOC to total PLCMS or to a given phase • Such improvement must be a major project management goal in every organization Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  44. Further Reading • Archibald: Managing High-Technology Programs and Projects, 3rd ed 2003 • Chapters 2 and 3 • Download this paper • 18 additional references given in the paper Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

  45. Thanks for Listening!! • Questions? • Rebuttals? • Download this paper and/or slides at www.russarchibald.com go to ‘Author:Recent Papers’ & select title of paper • Contact me: archie@unisono.net.mx Russ Archibald PMI-Central Iowa Chapter PDD Oct. 17 2003

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