CH. 5 EOCT VOCABULARY REVIEW

1. CH. 5 EOCT VOCABULARY REVIEW

2. SLAVERY System in which African Americans were bought, sold, and owned like property.

3. JOHN C. CALHOUN One of South Carolina's senators during the 1800’s (and , for a time, Andrew Jackson’s vice president) who became a champion of state’s rights and a southern regional hero.

4. SECEDE To leave the union.

5. SECTIONALISM Regional differences that divide different parts of the country.

6. ABOLITIONIST Social reformer who wanted to end slavery.

7. GRIMKE SISTERS Sarah and Angelina were members of a prominent slaveholding family in South Carolina who became abolitionists and won national acclaim for their passionate anti-slavery speeches

8. NAT TURNER’S REBELLION Slave rebellion that occurred in Virginia in 1831. Turner, a preacher as well as a slave, believed that he had a divine mission to deliver his people from slavery. He organized a revolt in which 160 people (both black and white) were killed. As a result, the few abolitionist societies that had existed in the South came to an end and slave codes (laws restricting the conduct and activities of slaves) were made tighter and strictly enforced. He and 19 others were hanged for their role in the uprising, and slaves were no longer allowed to become ministers.

9. WILMOT PROVISO • Condition proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman. He advocated banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico. Northerners embraced the idea, but southerners denounced it. Congress eventually voted it down, but the debate it stirred exposed the serious sectional divisions over slavery still existing in the country.

10. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY The will of the majority. In the case of slavery, it meant that the people in certain states and territories would vote on whether or not to allow slavery

11. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT This act allowed the previously free and unorganized territories of these two states to choose whether or not to permit slavery by popular sovereignty. Its guidelines effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise and reignited slavery issue. Resulted in a bloody civil war within Kansas

12. JOHN BROWN’S RAID Plot led by this white abolitionist, in which he and a band of radical abolitionists attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. They hoped to seize weapons and give them to slaves who could then rise up in armed rebellion. Their plan failed, however, when US troops under the command of Colonel Robert E. Lee surrounded the arsenal and forced Brown’s surrender. Although he was hanged, his actions intensified southern resentment of the abolitionist movement and many saw it as proof that the South would have to shed blood to protect its way of life.

13. ABRAHAM LINCOLN First Republican president in history. Because he opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories southerners resented his election. His victory in 1860 led to South Carolina’s, and eventually various other southern states’s, decision to secede. He led the Union through the Civil War.

14. JEFFERSON DAVIS First and only president of the Confederate States of America

15. ULYSSES S. GRANT Initially an effective general in the Unions’ western battles, he eventually assumed command of the entire Union army in 1864. He defeated the South and accepted Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomatox Courthouse. He went on to become the 18th president of the US.

16. ROBERT E. LEE Assumed command of the Confederacy’s Army of Northern Virginia after General Joseph Johnson was injured. Despite winning several impressive victories during the course of the war, he did not have nearly enough men to sustain the war effort past early 1865. He eventually surrendered to General Grant.

17. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS The guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned withoug being brought before a judge. President Lincoln suspended this right at times during the Civil War to protect the Union.

18. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION This proclamation was issued by President Lincoln in 1863 and freed the slaves in the Confederate States, while maintaining slavery in the border states loyal to the Union. With this executive order, Lincoln hoped to give the war a moral focus beyond just saving the Union. He also hoped to undermine the South’s reliance on slave labor and ensure the support of England and France-both of which had already abolished slavery. It also encouraged African Americans to serve in the Union Army.

19. ANTIETAM The bloodiest single day battle of the war. It halted Lee’s first attempt to invade the North and gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

20. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS Famous speech delivered by Presiden t Lincoln at a ceremony dedicating a cemetery on the sight of the battlefield. Although a relatively short speech, it was a powerful affirmation of Lincoln’s desire to see the Union survive and the nation reunited.

21. ATLANTA CAMPAIGN General Sherman’s military campaign to take Atlanta.

22. APPOMATOX COURTHOUSE Site where General Lee surrendered to General US Grant, effectively ending the Civil War

23. STATES RIGHTS Belief that the federal government should restrict itself to powers specifically stated in the Constitutition , and that all else should be left to the states

24. DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION The belief that states have the right to nullify (ignore or cancel) any federal law they believe its unconstitutional

25. SOUTH CAROLINA NULLIFICATION CRISIS Crisis that arose in 1832 when this state threatened to invoke the doctrine of nullification and secede from the Union if offensive tariffs were not repealed. Enraged, President Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun personally and prepared to call up federal troops if necessary to force this state to comply. Fortunately, Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise that both sides could accept, ending the crisis

26. SECOND MIDDLE PASSAGE Domestic slave trade that involved the migration of African Americans slaves from the Upper South to the Deep South and western territories/states. It often tore loved ones apart and meant that husbands, wives, children, siblings, parents, and best friends never saw each other again.

27. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON White abolitionist who founded an influential , anti slavery newspaper called “The Liberator” in 1831 and helped establish the American Anti-Slavery Society.

28. FREDERICK DOUGLASS African American abolitionist who, after escaping slavery in Maryland, educated himself and became the most promiment African American speaker for the abolition of slavery.

29. MISSOURI COMPROMISE Political compromise that arose out of the debate surrounding the expansion of slavery into new territories in 1833. It called for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. In addition, the southern boundary of Missouri, 36’30”N, would become the dividing line for any new state admitted to the Union. All new states north of that line would be free states, while those to the south would be slave states. It was designed to maintain the balance of power in Washington, DC.

30. COMPROMISE OF 1850 Political compromise that admitted California to the Union as a free state and declared the unorganized western territories free as well. The Utah and New Mexico territories, however, were allowed to decide the issue by popular sovereignty. Attached to the compromise was the Fugitive Slave Law.

31. DRED SCOTT DECISION US Supreme Court case in which a slave, he sued for his freedom. The Court ruled that he had no right to sue because, as a slave, he was not a citizen. It also declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his “ property” without due process of law. The decision struck down the Missouri Compromise because it declared that it was a violation of the 5th Amendment to declare slaves free of their owner without due process of law- evenif that slave had entered a free state. The decision outraged both abolitionists and those who favored popular sovereignty

32. REPUBLICAN PARTY Political party formed in 1854 from a coalition of northern Democrats who opposed slavery, Whigs, and Free Soilers. The party opposed the extension of slavery into new territories and nominated Abe Lincoln for president in 1860.

33. ELECTION OF 1860 Presidential election in which Democratic Parly split over the issue of slavery, enabling Republican Abe Lincoln to win the election. Lincoln’s election so infuriated southerners that a number of state’s seceded, eventually leading to the Civil War.

34. FORT SUMTER Union fort in Charleston, S.C. where the first shots of the Civil War were fired afer Confederate forces fired on Union soldiers. The attack forced the Union to abandon the fort but also gave Lincoln the public support he needed to go to war with the South.

35. WILLIAM SHERMAN Union general who took command of the western forces after Grant decided to remain with troops in the East. His capture of Atlanta n 1864 signaled to both the North and South that the war was all but won for the Union and helped Lincoln win re-election in 1864. He is most remembered for his “march to the sea,” I which he burned and destroyed southern cities and railways in an effort to disrupt the Confederate war effort and trap Lee between himself and Genral Grant.

36. STONEWALL JACKSON Confederate general and right hand man to Robert E. Lee. Noted for his ability to use geography as an advantage, he swiftly navigated the Shenandoah Valley which stretched from the Allegheny Mountains in northern Virginia towards Washington, DC. One of his most brilliant moves came at the battle of Chancellorsville, when he successfully marched his troops over 12 miles undetected and attacked the unsuspecting Union forces. He was such an effective leader that many belief the South would have won the war had he lived to fight at Gettysburg.

37. DRAFT A policy in which the government selects individuals for military service rather than wait for them to enlist. It was very unpopular amongst the poor and the immigrants because they resented that the wealthy could avoid military service exchange for paying 300 dollars or by hiring a substitutes.

38. GETTYSBURG Fought just outside this city in Pennsylvania, this battle of Gettysburg was a key turning point of the war. Without Jackson to assist him, Lee’s forces proved less aggressive than usual and failed to win valuable high ground early in the battle. Union forces under the command of General George Meade defeated Lee’s army and ended any hope of the South invading the North. With over 51.000 dead it was the bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War.

39. VICKSBURG In late spring 1863, this town in Mississippi was the last Confederate obstacle to total Union control of the Mississippi River. Ignoring advice to withdraw, General US Grant laid seige to Vicksburg for almost 2 months. By the time the town finally surrendered, residents had been reduced to eating horses, mules, dogs,and even rats

40. MARCH TO SEA Sherman’s march from Atlanta to Savannah in which his army burned buildings, destroyed rail lines, set fire to factories,and demolished bridges in an attempt to cripple the South’s ability to make and ship supplies so that it could not keep fighting.

41. UNION ADVANTAGES North had larger population, Union army had more men and the Union had more labor force to produce war supplies and keep the economy running during the war. The North also possessed more railroads. Railroads allowed the Union to move supplies. Finally, the norhthern economy had much more industry. Its factories allowed the Union to produce weapons, ammunition, clothes, blankets, and other supplies much easier and in greater number than the South