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8R MIDTERM REVIEW I. ASTRONOMY Most stars are made mostly of   Helium and hydrogen

8R MIDTERM REVIEW I. ASTRONOMY Most stars are made mostly of   Helium and hydrogen 2. The dark, cooler areas on the sun’s surface are   sunspots 3. When hydrogen nuclei fuse they form   Helium & energy 4. Einstein’s equation is E = mc 2

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8R MIDTERM REVIEW I. ASTRONOMY Most stars are made mostly of   Helium and hydrogen

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  1. 8R MIDTERM REVIEW I. ASTRONOMY • Most stars are made mostly of   • Helium and hydrogen 2. The dark, cooler areas on the sun’s surface are   • sunspots 3. When hydrogen nuclei fuse they form   • Helium & energy 4. Einstein’s equation is • E = mc2 5. The part of the sun in which fusion occurs is known as the • core 6. During fusion, _________________ atoms combine to produce ________________ and energy. • Hydrogen, helium

  2. 7. Use the diagram below to answer the questions. a. Is the surface temperature of white dwarf stars higher or lower than the Sun? higher b. What type of star is the sun? Main sequence star c. For main sequence stars, as temperature decreases, brightness decreases e. What type of star is Arcturus? d. What type of star has a low temperature but a low luminosity? Red giant Red dwarfs

  3. 8. A body made up of rock, dust, gases, and ice that orbits the sun is a • Comet 9. A meteoroid that makes contact with the Earth’s surface is known as a • Meteorite 10. The force of attraction that causes planets to orbit the sun is called • gravity

  4. 11. Identify the planet being described: • Largest • Jupiter • b. smallest • Mercury • c. contains water • Earth • d. Possesses the greatest # of rings • Saturn e. Earth’s twin • Venus f. closest to the sun • Mercury g. farthest from the sun • Neptune h. Has the Great Red Spot • Jupiter

  5. 12. The point in a Earth’s orbit when it is closest to the sun is ______during the month of ________ • Perihelion, January 13. Day and night are caused by the earth's________. One full day is _______ hours long. • Rotation, 24 14. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of • 23.5° 15. The sun rises in the ____ and sets in the ____. • east, west 16. When the Northern Hemisphere is having winter, the Southern Hemisphere is having • summer

  6. 17. As you move east from one time zone to the next, you move your watch • ahead 1 hour • 18. The amount of time it takes the moon to make one complete rotation and revolution is • 27.3 days • 19. When more than half of the moon is visible from the earth, the moon is in its • Gibbous phase • 20. When the moon passes between the sun and the earth, a _________ eclipse occurs. • solar • 21. Tides are caused by ____ from the ______. • Gravity, moon

  7. 22. Label the phases in the diagram below. 1. 3.   5.   7. New moon First Quarter Full moon Last quarter a. About how much time does it take for the moon to travel from position 1 back to position 1? 1 month

  8. 23. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions spring March 21 summer winter June 21 Dec 21 Sept 21 Autumn  i. Label the seasons on the diagram above and the date each season begins in the Northern Hemisphere.

  9. 23. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions a. What movement of the earth is shown by the arrow labeled A? rotation b. What is the line labeled B called? axis  d. How long will it take the earth to movethrough one cycle from point D to point D?  c. What is the movement of the earth in its orbit called? 1 year/365.25 days revolution

  10. 23. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions e. In what month will the earth reach point F? June f. In what month is the United States in when the earth is at point D? December h. When the earth is at point F, does the Northern Hemisphere receive direct or slanted rays from the sun?   g. Which letter represents the earth at D a. perihelion? b. aphelion? F direct

  11. 24. The diagrams below represents a portion of the Earth’s latitude and longitude system. What is the appropriate latitude & longitude for: a. Point A b. Point A 15°S, 30°E 15°N, 20°W

  12. II. METEROROLOGY • The layers of gases that surround the Earth make up the • atmosphere 2. Which diagram best represents the volume of gases in the troposphere?

  13. 3. Which list shows the atmospheric layers in the correct order upward from Earth’s surface? a. thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere b. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere c. stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, thermosphere d. thermosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, stratosphere 4. Energy from the sun reaches the Earth mainly by a. radiation b. convection c. conduction 5. Which process causes clouds to form? • condensation

  14. 6. The arrows in the diagram below show the circulation of air on a sunny day. a. Explain how this air circulates. Warm air rises (less dense) and cool air sinks (more dense)  b. This process in which air is heated is known as Convection

  15. 7. Identify 1 greenhouse gas and explain how it causes global warming. • carbon dioxide – absorbs and traps heat from the sun, slowly increasing the temp of the Earth 8. Describe the causes of acid rain. • Pollutants rise into the atmosphere and react with the water in the air to produce rain that is acidic 9. Describe 1 way acid rain can negatively affect the Earth. • damage plants and animal that live in the water, damage plants, damage/wear away buildings over time

  16. 10. What causes ozone depletion? • CFC’s react with the ozone layer creating holes 11. Why does ozone depletion increase the risk of skin cancer? • UV radiation cannot be filtered by the ozone layer, increasing the risk of skin cancer 12. Describe 2 environmental changes caused by global warming that negatively affect the Earth. • Coastal flooding, extreme changes in climate, more severe storms, melting ice caps and glaciers  rising sea levels

  17. 13. As the temperature of air decreases, the amount of water it can hold (humidity) • decreases 14. The day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere is called • weather 15. The climate of a place with a low latitude usually is • Hot and humid 16. All of the following affect climate, except a. altitude b. longitude c. latitude d. ocean currents 17. As altitude increases, temperature • decreases 18. The atmospheric conditions that prevail from season to season and year to year at a certain location is called • climate

  18. 19. Identify each labeled air mass on the figure as continental tropical, continental polar, maritime polar, or maritime tropical. For each air mass, describe its humidity and temperature. A. mP B. cP C. mT D. cT

  19. 20. The map below shows an air mass that formed over Mexico and moved from location A to location B. • How did the air mass affect the weather conditions at location B? • warmer temperature and drier air • (2) warmer temperature and more humid air • (3) colder temperature and drier air • (4) colder temperature and more humid air

  20. 21. The map shows the size and path of a certain weather event. a. The path of what weather event is shown on the map? hurricane  b. Describe two characteristics of this weather event. Strong winds, heavy rain, flooding

  21. 22. Use the station model below to fill in the following information. a. Sky condition = b. wind direction = c. Dew point = d. precipitation in the past 3 hours = Mostly cloudy e. Air temperature = f. Air pressure (in millibars) = g. What has happened to air pressure in the past 3 hours? North east 46°F 1009.6 mb 45°F decreased 0.15 inches

  22. 23. Use the chart below to calculate relative humidity a. Dry bulb = 24°C Wet bulb = 14°C Relative humidity = b. Dry bulb = 30°C Wet bulb = 25°C Relative humidity = 24-14 = 10 32% 30-25= 5 67%

  23. 24. Label the types of breezes shown below. Sea breeze Land breeze

  24. 25. The weather map below shows the locations of a warm and a cold front over part of North America. a. The numbered lines on the weather map connect locations with the same   b. These lines are called pressure isobars c. What type of front is location A about to experience? d. What type of weather is location A about to receive? Brief, heavy rain & cooler temps Cold front

  25. e. What type of front is location B about to experience? f. What type of weather is location B about to receive? g. Which location is experiencing stronger winds, A or B? How do you know? warm Light rain & warmer temp h. The location labeled L is experiencing a low pressure system. Describe the weather in this area. Cloudy with precipitation B – isobars closer together

  26. III. GEOLOGY • 1. To get sample material from the mantle, drilling will be done through the oceanic crust rather than through the continental crust because oceanic crust is • a. more dense than • continental crust • b. softer than • continental crust c. thinner than continental crust d. younger than continental crust

  27. Use the choices below to answer questions 2-5. a. crust b. mantle c. core 2. The inner most layer • c. core 3. The outer most layer • a. crust 4. Made of iron • c. core 5. Contains a liquid like layer on which continents float • b. mantle

  28. Use the choices below to answer the questions 6-9 on ocean currents. a. surface currents c. cold currents b. warm currents d. density currents 6. Rise & sink due to changes in salinity& temperature • d. density currents 7. Warm the air over nearby land areas • b. warm currents • Come from the poles • c. cold currents 9. Caused by winds • a. surface currents

  29. Fill in the appropriate answers for questions 10-15. 10. Flat parts of the ocean floor • plains 11. Deep canyons in the ocean • trenches 12. Part of a continent that slopes away from the shore • continental shelf 13. Mountains that run down the middle of oceans • mid-ocean ridge 14. This event occurs when plates slide together. • earthquake 15. The location where an earthquake begins. • focus

  30. Base your answers to questions 16-18 on the map below and your knowledge of science. The map shows the position of the continents 240 million years ago. 16. What ocean floor feature formed along the bold line on the map? 17. What force is responsible for the separation of the continents? 18. Give two forms of evidence supporting the idea that the continents were once connected. mid-ocean ridge Convection currents Continents fit together like puzzle pieces, age and types of rocks match on difft cont.

  31. 19. The diagram at the right represents sea floor spreading. a. What happens to the age of the crust as it moves away from the mid-ocean ridge? b. What causes crust to move apart? Where does this occur? decreases c. What geologic feature forms above the subduction zone? Convection currents, at mid-ocean ridge volcano

  32. 20. Which type of wave provides information about Earth’s internal structure? • ocean waves (2) earthquake waves (3) light waves (4) sound waves

  33. Base your answers to questions 21-23 on the topographic map below. 23. What is the contour interval for this map? 2 21. Which location most likely has an elevation of 45m? a. A b. B c. C d. D 22. Between which two points is the steepest hill located? a. A & B b. B & C c. C & D d. A & C

  34. 24. The streak color of a mineral is determined by scratching a mineral on the unglazed side of a ceramic tile. The streak color is 
(1) the same as the color of a mineral (2) a chemical property of a mineral (3) a physical property of a mineral (4) related to a mineral’s luster 25. Fossils are most commonly found in • igneous rocks • sedimentary rocks (3) metamorphic rocks (4) volcanic rocks

  35. 26. The diagram shows the rock cycle. a. Identify two processes that can cause a sedimentary rock to become a metamorphic rock. b. What type of rock forms from particles that are deposited, compacted, and cemented? Heat & pressure sedimentary d. What 2 processes form igneous rock? c. What term describes molten rock? Melting & solidification melting

  36. 27. What is weathering?   • Breaking down of rocks 28. What are the 4 types of mechanical weathering?   • Ice wedging, temp, root action, erosion 29. How does temperature cause weathering? • When temp increases, rocks expand. When temp decreases, rocks contract  break 30. In what type of weather does chemical weathering occur the fastest?   • Warm & humid 31 What is erosion?   • Weather rock carried away 32. What are the 5 agents of erosion?   • Gravity, wind, moving water, waves, glaciers 33. What happens to rocks to which erosion has occurred? • deposition

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