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Explore the historical background of the Romantic Period (1776-1837) in Britain, which was marked by political revolutions, industrialization, wars with France, rebellion in Ireland, and the unification of England and Ireland. Discover the major events, key figures, and societal changes that defined this era.
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THE ROMANTIC PERIOD1776 -1837 Historical Background in Britain Olcay ÖZTÜRK
“ the Age of Revolution “ • the political revolution in France • the industrial revolution at home, while the American colonies became independent.
Industrial revolution “: refers to a great number of changes that took place in the second half of the 18th century : • 1. population growth • 2. transport revolution ( better roads, new canals ); • 3. the expansion of factory towns , or industrial towns, like Manchester, with very poor living conditions for the workers; • 4. agricultural revolution with continuing spread of enclosures, and better farming; • 5. the emerging of the working class, with class movements, and the beginning of the Trade Union Movement.
-the second king in britain who reigned the most . • -remembered for two things : • a-loosing the amrican colonies • b-going mad
-not responsibledirectlybut he didin’tdeveloppoliciesaboutamerica • -became mad because of a mentaldisease • -afterdefeatfrance he becamevery popular • -wascarefulabout not toexceed his rights • -thefirstkingwhostudiedscience • -paidinitialcostsforRoyalAcademy Art
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION • In 1789 in france there was a revolution which was made by people because of economcal and political reasons. • The king queen and most of the landlords were killed. • It was one of the most important events in modern history • Most of the empires were collapsed • Many nations were encouraged by this revolution and they rebelled for independence
The Battle of Trafalgar • Major naval battle of nineteenth century fought between the fleets of France and Spain against the British navy. • British forces didn’t loose any ship or vessel but Nelson was killed . • Allies lost 18 ships and 17 vessels. • No immediate effect on the history but by finally condemning the French Empire to helplesness in the naval sphere,it made England unassailable. • Estalished Great Britain’s domination of the seas.
The Battle of Waterloo • Ended Napelonoic wars • Was fought by the English Hanoverian Brusnwick ,Prussian forces against the French army of Napoleon. • One of the bloodiest war in made in modern history. • 40.000 people died. • Effectively ended French domination of the Continent • Brought about dastic changes in the political boundries and the power balance in Europe.
Undertherule of theKing of England • Wasobligedtosend men intoBritain’sarmyforces • Werealsoto pay tithestotheChurch of Englanddespitemost of thembeing Roman Catholics • Had ownparliament but it waselectedbysmallpopulationlikeEnglandandCatholicswere not permittedordeputiesandholdanyotherpublic Office. • Catholicscouldn’tgoanyuniversity. • Parliamentwasdominatedbypowerfulprotestants.
Irishpeoplewon a series of legislativereformsbetween 1779 and 1793 • -FreeTrade • -freeparliament • -thesupremacythroughtIreland of lawsenactedbyParliament of Ireland • In 1798 most of theseadvantageswere not enoughforsomepeoplewhowre a group of radicalProtestantscalledthe United Irishment.TheywereencouragedbytheFrance ,but it wasdefeatedbecause it assumedthenature of a religiouswarwithcatholicskillingprotestants.
UNIFICATION OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND • ItwasbelievedthatIrelandwasnecessary fort he United Kingdom’ssecurity, soLondonpassedtheAct of Union. • AllpowersweregainedbyIrelandpoliticianswereabolished. • AfterNapolenoicwarsdidtheCatholicChurchinterested in Ireland .theyworkedfor 3 aims. • a-theright of Catholicstovoteandhold Office • b-thediestablishment of theProtestantChurch of Ireland. • c-thecreation of Catholiceducationsystem. • But thisnationalismdefinedIrishidentity in terms of nationalism ,not catholicism ,however it wasattacked.
THE FIRST CORN LAW • According to this “cheap foreign wheat could not be imported into Britain until the Price of British wheat was more than 80 shillings a quarter. • This made wheat ,flour and bread more expensive than it could have been.
Why? • -Because of starving in Britain in wars with France government encouraged farmers to make wheat.After war there was a great harvests of wheat in Britain and foreign ,so government made this law to protect their farmers.
Effects? • Wheat prices rose but then fell quickly. • It was not change whether the wheat imported or not. • Factory owners argued against to corn laws. • Because the price of bread would fell and workers took low wages. • They believed that if they brought wheat from foreign countries,they would buy more British goods.
COERCION ACT • All forms of protests were banned by government • They were pressured by force.
The Manchester PatrioticUnionSocietywasformedbyradicals(Joseph Jonson,John Knight,James Wrac) • Aimwastoobtainparlimanteryreforms. • Theyorganized a publicmeetingandinvitedMajorCartwright ,Henry OratorHuntand Richard Carliletospeak. • Therewere 50.000 people. • At 1.30 pmmagistratesdecidedttoarrestleaderswiththehelparmy. • Afteraresstingprocesstherewere 18 peoplekilledandabout 500 including 100 womenwerewounded. • Most of thejournalistswerearresredbecause of publishingthenews of thismassacre.
START A PERIOD OF LEGISLATIVE REFORMS • AfterPeterlooMassacrewhengovernmentfacedwithdifficultsituationandrealizedthatsocietywaschangingtheypassed an ambitiouspackage of reforms.
1825-TradeUnionswererecognisedandfactoryownersformedtheirownassaciations.1825-TradeUnionswererecognisedandfactoryownersformedtheirownassaciations. • 1829-PoliceForcewasestablished . • 1829-Non-protestantsallowedtohavestatejobs • 1832-Businessmenandindustrialistsweregiventhevote • 1833-TheFactoryActlimitedworkinghoursandpreventedchidrenunder nine fromworking. • 1834-A system of nationalprimaryeducationwasestablished. -Thelocalgovernmentswereestablished in everytown -Sevragesystemswerebuiıtandstreetswerelitsopeoplehealthimprovedandcrimelevelsdropped.
GEORGE IV • Son of George III • Known as a collecterand a builder. • Acquiredmanyimportant Works of art • BuilttheRoyalPavilion at Birmingham. • TransformedWindsorCastleandBuckingamPalace. • AchievesCatholicEmancipation.Byreducingreligiousdiscrimination,thisemancipationenabledthemonarchytoplay a morenational role.
Third son of George III andthebrother of George IV • His reignwasdominatedbythe Reform crisis • Had tosign Reform Bill whichwasdamagedroyalty • None of his 4 chidrensurviveinfancy. • With his deaththejointrule of EnglandandHanoverianended.
