Cha Eunjung

1. Chapter 10. Population and Migration Cha Eunjung

2. Contents 1. The fear of overpopulation 1)Thomas Malthus 2. Understanding population growth • 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations • Population growth projections • Case study: Russia • Case study: South Korea 3. The world’s population: cause for concern? • 5 principal findings about population growth • What elements should be guaranteed in order to control population? 2/10

3. Contents 4. Where do they all go? Urbanization and internal migration • Urbanization • Irregular settlements • Internal migration 5. Global migration • International migrants • Forms of global migration • Global migration in Russia • Global migration in South Korea 6. Women migrants • Facts about female migration 3/10

4. Contents 7. Refugees and displaced people • Refugees • Refugees in the period 1914-89 • Refugees after the Cold War • Internally displaced persons (IDPs) 8. Undocumented workers • 2 predominant forms • 3 ways of governments’ respond 9. The management of global migration • Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) • International Organization for Migration (IOM) • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 4/10

5. Contents 10. Further reading 11. Sources 5/10

6. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 1. On a planet of seven billion people, who is the most typical human? a. Javanese Indonesian man, 62 b. Punjabi Indian woman, 34 c. Han Chinese man, 28 d. Zhuang Chinese girl, 10 6/10

7. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 2. If all seven billion people on Earth stood shoulder-to-shoulder, we would fill __________. a. São Paulo, Brazil b. Tokyo, Japan c. Florida d. Los Angeles, California 7/10

8. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 3. Life expectancy in an industrialized nation is about __________ years long. a. 55 b. 70 c. 80 d. 100 8/10

9. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 4. How many people have ever lived on Earth? a. 15 billion b. 55 billion c. 108 billion d. 500 billion 9/10

10. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 5. What percent of all people who’ve ever been born are alive now? a. 0.5% b. 2.0% c. 6.4% d. 15% 10/10

11. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 6. The most populous country today is China. What will it be in 2050? a. China b. India c. Nigeria d. Indonesia 11/10

12. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 7. What percent of the world’s population is literate? a. 5% b. 16% c. 38% d. 82% 12/10

13. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 8. Do most people today live in urban or rural environments? a. Urban b. Rural 13/10

14. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 9. How do most people make their livelihood? a. Agriculture b. Services c. Industry 14/10

15. Before we go… • How much do you know about population? (10 questions) 10. In 2011, there were __________ births per minute around the world. a. 38 b. 127 c. 266 15/10

16. 1. The fear of overpopulation 16/10

17. 1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) • 「Essay on the Principle of Population」 (1798) • In 19c: influenced Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin and the Social Darwinists • In 20c: Malthusian ideas influenced eugenicists, led contemporary discussions of ecological issues • But! Karl Marx attacked his ideas: “Since population is constantly tending to overtake the means of subsistence, charity is folly, a public encouragement of poverty. The state can therefore do nothing but leave the poor to their fate and make death easy for them.” 17/10

18. 1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) • 「Essay on the Principle of Population」 (1798) • Theory of population → Food supply would grow arithmetically (1→2 →3 →4) → Population would grow geometrically (1→2 →4 →8) → The only way to stop population growth: famine (later: moral restraint, later marriage, emigration) 18/10

19. 1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) • Major flaws of his theory • Based on a complex mixture of science, assumption and prejudice • Doubling of the European population every 25 years (x) → The population doubled only after each 50 years since 1800, now dwindling (o) • Birth control: war and disease > famine ex. During the First World War, influenza pandemic of 1918-19 • The growth: European, much of Asian agriculture > population 19/10

20. 1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) • Negative influence of his theory • Discriminatory Malthusianism → The eugenics movement: accusations toward particular sections of population ex. working class, Africans, Chinese → The Nazis: Aryan breeding program → Denmark, Norway, Estonia, Finland, Sweden and a part of Switzerland : enforced sterilization : more than 40,000 Norwegians, 6,000 Danes and 60,000 Swedes were sterilized (1934-1976) → The apartheid regime: secret sterilization for blacks, pro-natalism for whites 20/10

21. 1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) • Negative influence of his theory • Spaceship Earth (a vulnerable ball floating in universal space) → closed and finite system existing only in the biosphere → limited and unstable life → self-destructive mode: dignity of human life < the greater good 21/10

22. 2. Understanding population growth 22/10

23. Before we go… • Video (National Geographic) 23/10

24. 1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations ① The crude birth rate • The number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year 24/10

25. 1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations ② The fertility rate • The number of live births per woman over her lifetime 25/10

26. 1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations ③ The crude death rate • The number of deaths per 1,000 members of a population in a given year • Important way of correcting growth assumptions • The crude birth rate – the crude death rate = the rate of natural increase 26/10

27. 1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations ④ Infant mortality rate (IMR) • The number of deaths among infants aged below one year per 1,000 of the infant population • Important for determining fertility behavior : more chance of child death → more children 27/10

28. 2) Population growth projections • Handout “World Population Prospects (2010)” • Does not constitute a certainty, but warns what might happen → Total population: 8 billions (2030) → 10 billions (2100) ∴ severe effects on food supply, urban management, crime, security, health and social support for the poor → Increase of total population: declining 28/10

29. 3) Case study: Russia • The 9th most populous country • 143.5 million (2013) • Population growth rate 29/10

30. 3) Case study: Russia • Russia population projections • Population: shrink • By 2050: 9th→ 17th most populous country 30/10

31. 4) Case study: South Korea • The 27th most populous country • 50 million (2013) • Population growth rate 31/10

32. 4) Case study: South Korea • South Korea population projections • Plummeting birth rate → Population: expected to be decreased by 13% (2050) • Rapid aging population → 14% of population will be over 65 (aged society) 32/10

33. 3. The world’s population: cause for concern? 33/10

34. 1) 5 principal findings about population growth ① Economic prosperity • The most powerful predictor of reduced birth rate in all countries • Better health facilities → lower IMR and child deaths → Less need for ‘insurance children’ • The rise of prosperity → fewer children → Enhanced acquisitions of clothing, leisure, travel and holidays → Cultural shift: children → consumption 34/10

35. 1) 5 principal findings about population growth ② Increased number of women in the labor market • Increased prosperity is related to it • Women with careers or jobs → reduce fertility • Improvement of women’s status, greater opportunities in education → reduce family size 35/10

36. 1) 5 principal findings about population growth ③ Birth control • Works less efficiently than economic prosperity • Proponents: victims of the ‘technological fallacy’ → Technological fallacy: the idea that people will use a technology if they are properly informed ex. Procreation and sexual gratification: separated in people’s mind 36/10

37. 1) 5 principal findings about population growth ④ Low birth rate in developed countries • Main demographic problem • Normal pyramid ↓ Christmas tree ↓ Inverted pyramid 37/10

38. 1) 5 principal findings about population growth ⑤ Rapid conformity to the birth-rate patterns • Within one or two generation • People migrating from poor to rich countries 38/10

39. 2) What elements should be guaranteed in order to control population? ① Adequate security → Where is my next meal coming from? ② Political stability → Will my family have a future? ③ Healthcare → Are my children likely to survive? 39/10

40. 4. Where do they all go? Urbanization and internal migration 40/10

41. Before we go… • Migration • The movement of people from one place to another • Types of migration ① Internal migration: migration within one country ② International migration: the movement from one country to another 41/10

42. Before we go… • Migration • What makes people migrate? ① Push factor: Force that drives people away from a place ex. (Civil) wars, political or religious oppression, climate changes, lack of jobs, poverty ② Pull factor: Force that draws people to immigrate to a place ex. Peace, better job opportunities, education, social security, political and religious freedom, better standard of living 42/10

43. 1) Urbanization • Definition and process • Social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban • Began during the industrial revolution when workers moved towards manufacturing hubs in cities to obtain jobs in factories → agricultural jobs became less common • Measured as ‘over 50 percent of a population living in cities’ → In 1850, no country could be described as urban → In 1900, only one could, Great Britain → In 1970, nearly all advanced nations were urbanized and 50 cities had over one million inhabitants → In 2000, 254 cities had populations over one million people 43/10

44. 2) Irregular settlements • Cardboard shantytowns: disfigure many cities, deteriorate into unhealthy, crime-dominated urban slums • Dual phenomenon ① Urbanization without industrialization ② Urbanization without adequate employment 44/10

45. 3) Internal migration • Factors • Population growth • Land enclosures • Need for industrial labour • Demand for energy (hydroelectric power) • Green revolution and genetically modified (GM) crops • Provision of wildlife parks and conservation areas • Commercialization of ‘field factories’: planting, logging, cropping and packing 45/10

46. 5. Global migration 46/10

47. Before we go… • Video (Global migration) 47/10

48. Before we go… • International migrants: 232 million (2013) 48/10

49. Before we go… • International migrants North-South map (2011) • The North: 136 million • The South: 96 million • Mostly working age: 74 percent • Women: 48 percent 49/10

50. Handout “International Migration 2013” • Russia: the 2nd largest numbers of international migrants • International migrants, 2013 → Russia, South Korea: 1 million or more • International migrants as a percentage of total population, 2013 → Russia: 5 - 10 percent → South Korea: 1 - 5 percent • Percentage female among all international migrants, 2013 → Russia: 50 - 55 percent → South Korea: less than 45 percent 50/10