Influence of Parental Involvement by Gender on Student Outcomes in STEM

1. Influence of Parental Involvement by Gender on Student Outcomes in STEM Presented By Peter D. Marle, B.A. Presented by Peter D. Marle, B.A. Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

2. Center for STEM Education Model Student & Family Characteristics Demographics, Family Encouragement Peer Influence Giftedness • STEM Retention Career Choice Major Choice Interests Intentions Decisions Student Variables Motivation Self Concept Self Efficacy Attitudes Achievement STEM Learning Variables (PIPES) K-12 STEM Workshops & Summer Camps (intensity, duration, breadth) Science and Math Professional Development Academies PIPES: Partnership in Innovative Preparation for Educators and Students Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

3. What the Literature Says • Recent 2009 Meta-Analysis (Hill & Tyson, 2009) • 50 studies in parent involvement for middle-school students • Parent involvement is positively associated with achievement • Academic socialization was strongest type • Communication of expectations • Value for education • Fostering child’s aspirations • Planning for future Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

4. PIPES’ Parent Involvement and Attitude Variables Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

5. Literature and PIPES’ Parent Variables • Parent Involvement through Academic Socialization • Communication of expectations • Motivation for a Science Career (also adapted for math) • Value for education • Attitudes about Math Survey (also adapted for science) • Fostering child’s aspirations • Measures of Science Advantage (also adapted for math) • Planning for future • Motivation for a Science Career (also adapted for math) • Parents’ expectations for college Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

6. Sample Parent Survey Items • Parent Involvement through Academic Socialization • Motivation for a Science Career (also adapted for math) • “Having a science career would be interesting for my child” • Attitudes about Math Survey, Math Beliefs subscale (also adapted for science) • “Math is one of the most important subjects for my child to study in school” • Attitudes about Math Survey, Math Action subscale (also adapted for science) • “I encourage my child to take advanced math in school” • Measures of Science Advantage (also adapted for math) • “Our family is interested in the science courses my child takes” • Parents’ expectations for college • “What is the highest level of education you expect your child to complete” Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

7. PIPES’ Student Characteristics • *Data excludes participants without parent response on the parent attitude and involvement surveys Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

8. PIPES’ Parent and Family Characteristics • *Data excludes participants without parent response on the parent attitude and involvement surveys Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

9. Parent Survey Statistics Median r for science measures = .64 (p < .001, N = 814), for math measures = .52 (p < .001, N = 814) These measures were aggregated for the following analyses into a Parent Attitude and Involvement Variable • Science Portion (N = 833; 53% female); Math Portion (N =813; 53% female) Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

10. Parent Survey Statistics Child’s Gender: p < .001, η2 = .02 (small) Parent’s Gender: p = .187, η2 = .002 Interaction: p = .359, η2 = .001 Aggregated Parent Attitude and Involvement M = 5.03, SD = 0.60 (range 1.98 to 6.00; N = 792) Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

11. Parent Survey Statistics Child’s Gender: p < .001, η2 = .02 (small) Race: p = .289, η2 = .007 Interaction: p = .006, η2 = .02 (small) Simple Main Effects Pairwise Comparisons: * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001; η2 = .01, .01, .02, respectively Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

12. Parent Survey Statistics With exception of Careers in Teaching and Medical Fields, p < .001 for all comparisons. Median mean difference = 0.54 (range of 0.25 [Science Teacher Scale] to 1.01 [Career in Eng.]); Median d = 0.47 (range of 0.33 [Science Teacher Scale] to 0.82 [Motivation for a Science Career]; small to large effect sizes). Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

13. Parent Survey Statistics Post Survey Pre Survey Math (low n = 136, high n = 144); Science (low n = 132, high n = 142); d = 0.25 & 0.19 * p = .036; ** p = .123 (ns) Math (low n = 61, high n = 85); Science (low n = 62, high n = 85); d = 0.10 & 0.08 * p = .541; ** p = .626 Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

14. Direction for the Future • What Does this Mean for STEM Research (PIPES)? • Parent Involvement is remarkably constant across student measures • Our differentiation of Low and High Involvement (split at 5.03 on a 1 to 6 scale) • What are the implications of even lower parent involvement • Can low/no involvement be ameliorated? • Do PIPES programs ameliorate the effect of lower parent involvement on student outcomes? • Will they sustain an effect? • PIPES model Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM

15. Questions? Thank You for Listening! Influence of Parental Involvement in STEM