Ch. 16—The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

1. Ch. 16—The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion The American Revolution

2. Mid-18th Century Wars • 2003 AP European History Exam (Form B) • Free-Response Question—Part C, Option #2: Explain why Europe saw no lasting peace in the period between the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Peace of Paris in 1763.

3. Free Response Answer: • Impact of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648): • The ruler of a land would determine the official religion of that land. • Recognized the independence of the Swiss Confederacy • France became Europe’s dominant power • Spain and Germany were weakened • Austria and Prussia would rise in power • “Firmly established the competitive nationalism of the modern world.” (Ch. 12—page 413)

4. Free Response Answer: • Europe in the mid-18th century: • “The statesmen of the period generally assumed that warfare could further national interests. No forces or powers saw it in their interest to prevent war or maintain peace.” (Ch. 16-page 532) • Conflicts were fought between professional soldiers—rarely impacted civilian populations.

5. Free Response Answer—Mid-18th Century Wars • The War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739) • Britain vs. Spain • Fought over trading in the West Indies • The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • New Prussian King Frederick II (the Great) invaded Silesia of Austria, shortly after Maria Theresa became Queen of Austria. • Austria’s main ally was Great Britain • Prussia’s main ally was France

6. Free Response Answer—Mid-18th Century Wars • The War of Austrian Succession ended in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. • Prussia retained Silesia • Maria Theresa remained Queen of Austria, but granted Hungary autonomy. • France and Great Britain continued to fight in North America (The French and Indian War).

7. Free Response Answer—Mid-18th Century Wars • The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756 • Great Britain and Prussia sign a defensive alliance. • France and Austria respond with their own defensive alliance. • The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) • Begins when Frederick the Great invades Saxony. • The French-Austrian alliance expanded to include Sweden and Russia.

8. Free Response Answer—Mid-18th Century Wars • The Seven Years’ War (con’t) • Great Britain’s involvment in North America • William Pitt the Elder • The Treaty of Paris (1763) • Expansion of the British Empire in North America • Impact in Spain • Economic Impact throughout Europe

9. The American Revolution • British problems after the Treaty of Paris—1763 • British solutions • Colonial responses • American Political Ideas • John Wilkes • European Impact of the American Revolution