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Weather, Climate & Society ATMO 336 Climate vs. Weather

Weather, Climate & Society ATMO 336 Climate vs. Weather. Climate and Weather. “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” -Robert A. Heinlein. Weather – The state of the atmosphere: for a specific place at a particular time. Weather Elements 1) Temperature

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Weather, Climate & Society ATMO 336 Climate vs. Weather

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  1. Weather, Climate & SocietyATMO 336Climate vs. Weather

  2. Climate and Weather “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” -Robert A. Heinlein Lecture 2-Nats 101

  3. Weather – The state of the atmosphere: for a specific place at a particular time Weather Elements 1) Temperature 2) Pressure 3) Humidity 4) Wind 5) Visibility 6) Clouds 7) Significant Weather Weather Lecture 2-Nats 101

  4. Surface Station Model Responsible for boxed parameters Temperatures Plotted F in U.S. Sea Level Pressure Leading 10 or 9 is not plotted Examples: 1013.8 plotted as 138 998.7 plotted as 987 1036.0 plotted as 360 Ahrens, p 431 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  5. Sky Cover and Weather Symbols Ahrens, p 431 Ahrens, p 431 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  6. Wind Barbs Direction Wind is going towards Westerly from the West Speed (accumulated) Each flag is 50 knots Each full barb is 10 knots Each half barb is 5 knots 65 kts from west Ahrens, p 432 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  7. SLP pressure temperature dew point cloud cover Ohio State website Lecture 2-Nats 101 wind

  8. 72 111 58 Decimal point What are Temp, Dew Point, SLP, Cloud Cover, Wind Speed and Direction? Ahrens, p 431 Practice Surface Station Temperate (oF) Pressure (mb) Last Three Digits (tens, ones, tenths) Dew Point (later) Moisture Wind Barb Direction and Speed Cloud Cover Tenths total coverage Lecture 2-Nats 101

  9. 42 998 18 Decimal point What are Temp, Dew Point, SLP, Cloud Cover, Wind Speed and Direction? Ahrens, p 431 Practice Surface Station Sea Level Pressure Leading 10 or 9 is not plotted Examples: 1013.8 plotted as 138 998.7 plotted as 987 1036.0 plotted as 360 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  10. Surface Map Symbols • Fronts Mark the boundary between different air masses…later Significant weather occurs near fronts Current US Map Ahrens, p 432 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  11. Upper-Air Model Responsible for boxed parameters Conditions at specific pressure level • Wind • Temperature (C) • Moisture (Later) • Height above MSL • UA 500mb Analysis Ahrens, p 431 Ahrens, p 427 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  12. Climate Climate - Average weather and range of weather, computed over many years. Whole year (mean annual precipitation for Tucson, 1970-present) Season (Winter: Dec-Jan-Feb) Month (January rainfall in Tucson) Date (Average, record high and low temperatures for Jan 1 in Tucson) Lecture 2-Nats 101

  13. Lecture 2-Nats 101

  14. Lecture 2-Nats 101

  15. Climate of TucsonMonthly Averages Individual months can show significant deviations from long-term, monthly means. Lecture 2-Nats 101

  16. Lecture 2-Nats 101

  17. Climate of TucsonProbability of Rain Lecture 2-Nats 101 Cool Site:Western Region Climate Center

  18. Climate of TucsonExtreme Rainfall Lecture 2-Nats 101 Cool Site:Western Region Climate Center

  19. Climate of TucsonSnow! Lecture 2-Nats 101 Cool Site:Western Region Climate Center

  20. Summary • Weather - atmospheric conditions at specific time and place Weather Maps  Instantaneous Values • Climate - average weather and the range of extremes compiled over many years Statistical Quantities  Expected Values Lecture 2-Nats 101

  21. Weather, Climate & SocietyATMO 325Global Energy Balance Greenhouse Effect

  22. General Laws of Radiation • All objects above 0 K emit radiant energy • Hotter objects radiate more energy per unit area than colder objectsStefan-Boltzman Law • The hotter the radiating body, the shorter the wavelength of maximum radiationWien’s Displacement Law • Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are also good emitters Lecture 2-Nats 101

  23. General Laws of Radiation • Wien’s Displacement Law • Stefan-Boltzman Law Lecture 2-Nats 101

  24. Sun - Earth Radiation Spectra Ahrens, Fig. 2.8 Planck’s Law Lecture 2-Nats 101

  25. Absorption Visible IR Visible (0.4-0.7 m) is absorbed very little O2 an O3 absorb UV (shorter than 0.3 m) Infrared (5-25 m) is selectively absorbed H2O & CO2 are strong absorbers of IR Little absorption of IR around 10 m Ahrens, Fig. 2.9 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  26. Visible radiation (0.4-0.7 m) is not absorbed Infrared radiation (5-25 m) is selectively absorbed, but there is an emission window at 10 m Total Atmospheric Absorption Ahrens, Fig. 2.9 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  27. Greenhouse Effect: Simple Example(1-layer atmo., 100% IR, 0% SR absorbed) Balance 1 Unit Outgoing IR to Space 1 Unit Incoming Solar 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 ½ emitted to space ½ emitted to ground no SR absorbed all IR absorbed All SR +IR absorbed 1/16 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 2 Units IR Emitted by Ground Net effect is 1 extra unit absorbed by the ground! Lecture 2-Nats 101

  28. Global Solar Radiation Balance 70% solar absorbed by earth-atmosphere Ahrens, Fig. 2.13 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  29. The Atmosphere is Heated from Below Ahrens, Fig. 2.11 old ed. Lecture 2-Nats 101

  30. Global Atmo Energy Balance Ahrens, Fig. 2.14 Lecture 2-Nats 101

  31. Summary • Greenhouse Effect (It’s a Misnomer) Warmer than Rad. Equilibrium Temp Reason: selective absorption of air H2O and CO2 most absorbent of IR • Energy Balance Complex system All modes of Heat Transfer are important Lecture 2-Nats 101

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