WINLAB IAB Meeting June 10, 2005

1. WINLAB IAB MeetingJune 10, 2005 Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey www.winlab.rutgers.edu Contact: Professor D. Raychaudhuri, Director ray@winlab.rutgers.edu

2. WINLAB STATUS UPDATE

3. WINLAB Status Update • WINLAB activity snapshot as of Spring 2005: • ~25 faculty/staff (15 academic faculty + 10 research staff/adjunct faculty) • ~45 graduate students • ~14 companies in corporate sponsor program • 25,000 sq-ft in facilities, including new Tech Center II building • Industry funding ~$1M (including both annual sponsorship and focus projects) • $3M+ federal research funding, mostly from NSF • ~$500K in NJ State + Rutgers funding (...RU portion increasing in FY05) • Total funding level ~$4.5M in FY’04 (...300% increase over FY’01)

4. Status Update: Faculty List 6/05 Radio/ Modem Technology Radio Resource Management & Wireless Systems Mobile Network Architecture & Protocols Sensor Nets & Pervasive Computing Y. Lu M. Bushnell B. Ackland1 P. Spasojevic L. Greenstein R. Rajnarayan (Research Engineer) K. Wine (Research Engineer) P. Henry (AT&T Labs)* Students: PhD – 5 MS – 3 R. Yates C. Rose N. Mandayam D. Frenkiel Z. Gajic L. Razoumov (Intel)* Students: PhD – 10 MS – 4 D. Raychaudhuri W. Trappe I. Seskar (Assoc Dir IT) R. Siracusa (Research Specialist)1 M. Ott1 R. Howard1 S. Paul (Edgix)* H. Liu (Thomson)* A. Acharya (IBM)* M. Gruteser B. Nath H. Hirsh M. Parashar Y. Zhang R. Martin 9/04 3/05 Students: PhD – 3 MS – 4 Students: PhD – 8 MS – 6 * Adjunct Prof 1 Part-time position

5. Status Update: Sponsor Program • Currently ~13 sponsor companies • Recently added 1 new sponsor: US Army CECOM • Target no more than ~10-15 companies, with close engagement • ~2-3 industry focus projects currently in progress • MIMO Infostations (STTR for ARL) • 3G Security (NICT, Japan) • Carrier ad-hoc networks (under discussion with NTT DoCoMo) • Increasing collaboration with sponsors on large Govt proposals • NSF MIMO project (DAPHNE) - Lucent • ORBIT wireless networking testbed – Thomson, Lucent, IBM • Cognitive radio algorithms and hardware – Lucent • More joint proposals with sponsor/partner companies on key topics • Cognitive radio – Philips, GNU Radio, Raytheon • Pervasive computing, sensor systems – TBD

6. Status Update:Industry Sponsors 6/05 * * Panasonic Aruba Networks, PnP Networks, Semandex Networks Mayflower Inc. US Army CECOM *Research Partners

7. Status Update: Sponsor Program • Seeking more long-term research collaboration with sponsors • Now that we have invested in critical technology areas, new labs and a larger, more qualified student pool, we invite sponsors to work more closely with us: • Specific focus projects on topics of mutual interest • Contributions to existing projects such as ORBIT or NSF “future Internet” project • Joint proposals to future NSF, DARPA, DHS or DoD RFP’s • Visiting researchers, short sabbatical leaves, etc. • Sponsored students, post-docs and student internships • ORBIT facility (~11,000 sq-ft in Rt 1 Tech Center bldg) has adequate space for research visitors • Also starting to work more actively with early stage incubations, startup companies and joint ventures...

8. Status Update: WINLAB Activity Model & Tech Transfer Tech Reports, Sponsor meetings, Software tools, etc. Sponsor Fees, & Govt basic research funds Core Research Areas New system concepts, IPR, … DARPA Projects (e.g. Infostations) Major NSF Projects (e.g. ORBIT) NJCST Project (e.g. MUSE) Focus Project(s) with Sponsor Companies Corp R&D Additional Project Support Usually involves partnerships with sponsor companies And other universities Pre-commercial technology Industry, venture funds, NJCST, … Technology Transfer Projects Activities to be carried out at Tech Center II

9. Status Update: Research Program 6/05 • Research projects in 4 broad areas of wireless technology • radio propagation and modem design • radio research management (RRM) • wireless networks and protocols • mobile computing • Major NSF projects on future wireless networks (ORBIT), spectrum, cognitive radio, MIMO, sensors and security/privacy • Numerous smaller projects (both NSF and industry) on topics ranging from WLAN enhancements and 3G scheduling to network coding and location services. • Strategic future directions: “wireless ecosystems”, security, next-generation Internet and pervasive systems....

10. Status Update: WINLAB Research Direction MSC Internet (IP-based) Public Switched Network (PSTN) Research Themes: Super-fast short range radios UWB, MIMO Sensor devices/SOC 4G radio & next-gen WLAN Spectrum coordination Unified mobility protocols Ad-hoc network RRM , MAC and routing protocols Ad-hoc net QoS & security Sensor net software models Centralized control  distributed etc. Generic mobile infrastructure Custom Mobile Infrastructure (e.g. GSM, 3G) BSC BTS WLAN Access Point BTS Infostation cache WLAN Hot-Spot VOIP Ad-hoc network extension CDMA, GSM or 3G radio access network Research Themes: Faster radios Interference issues Power control 3G Scheduling Handoff algorithms WLAN MAC 3G/WLAN interworking Security Mobile content etc. VOIP (dual-mode) Broadband Media cluster (e.g. UWB or MIMO) Low-tier clusters (e.g. low power 802.11 sensor) Today Future?

11. Pervasive Computing Application Agent 2 Agent 3 Agent 1 Overlay Network for Dynamic Agent <-> Sensor Association Sensor Cluster B Run-time Environment (network OS) Sensor Cluster A OS/Process Scheduling Resource Discovery Ad-hoc Routing Status Update: Research Areas Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensors Radio Platforms Wireless Network Testbed Ad-Hoc Networks Wireless/Sensor Net Software & Security Mobile Computing System Analysis & Theory

12. Status Update: Wireless Roadmap 4G Systems Pervasive Systems 3G/WLAN Hybrid 3G Cellular System Applications home media networks Mobile Internet open systems Sensor Nets Ad-Hoc & P2P public WLAN WLAN office/home Mobile Internet Services & Content Delivery Cellular VOIP gateway GSM, GPRS services Protocols & Software IP-based Mobile Network 3G/WLAN interworking 3G services Next-Gen WLAN (including ad-hoc mesh) WLAN security, enterprise Mobile WLAN services 3G Base Station Router Cellular handset, BTS Self-Organizing Ad-Hoc Radio Router Hardware Platforms Commodity BTS 802.11 WLAN card/AP Multi-standard Cognitive Radio* Embedded Radio (wireless sensors) 802.11 Mesh Router* Bluetooth module* IP-based Cellular Network (B3G) Broadband Cellular (3G) Unified Wireless Access + IP-based core network WLAN+ (802.11e,n) Basic Wireless Technologies ad-hoc/mesh WLAN (802.11a,b,g) ~100 Mbps OFDM/CDMA ~10 Mbps OFDM ~2 Mbps WCDMA dynamic spectrum sharing ~50 Mbps OFDM ~200 Mbps MIMO/OFDM ~11 Mbps QPSK/QAM Sensor radios (Zigbee, Mote) ~100 Mbps UWB ~500 Mbps UWB ~ 1 Mbps Bluetooth 2000 2005 2010+

13. Status Update: WINLAB R&D map ORBIT Wireless Network Testbed MUSE System Prototypes MIMO Infostation System Prototypes Infostations Prototypes (i-media, emergency response) Adaptive Radio Network Prototype Ad-hoc net with QoS 3G/WLAN Interworking Self-organizing Ad-hoc network 802.11e,n protocols Protocols & Software Spectrum etiquette and adaptive radio net protocols Ad-hoc routing Content Routing in mobile networks Wireless security Sensor net Privacy Multimodal sensor-on-silicon (MUSE) module/chip Multimodal ZnO sensor Core Technology Low-power 802.11b UWB PHY/MAC Network-centric Cognitive radio HW nx100 Mbps OFDM Radio SDR Prototype Sensor net models Interference avoidance, RRM Algorithms, Analysis & Simulation MIMO networks 3G/4G PHY/MAC (RRM, scheduling, etc.) Ad-hoc net RRM OFDM Unlicensed spectrum algorithms Spectrum rights & management UWB 2002 2004 2006

14. Status Update: Major Projects • Several major research and technology transfer projects currently being carried out at WINLAB • Dynamic spectrum management (NSF ITR, ’02-’05) • Multimodal Sensor-on-Silicon: MUSE (NJCST, ’02-’07) • ORBIT: Open-Access Research Testbed for Wireless Networks (NSF “NRT” project, ‘03-07) – joint with Columbia, Princeton, Lucent , IBM, Thomson • MIMO networks/DAPHNE (NSF grant, ‘03-06) – joint with Princeton & NJIT • Cognitive Radio hardware & algorithms (NSF NeTS grants, ’04-’07) – joint with GA Tech and Bell Labs • Privacy and security in sensor nets (NSF NeTS grant, ’04-’07) • Security in next-generation wireless networks (NICT, Japan ’02-’06) • MIMO Infostations Prototype for Army (Mayflower/ARL, ’04-05) • ORBIT Tech Transfer (Intel, DoD, ’05-’06) Major government projects Industry supported focus projects

15. Status Update: Federal Proposals • Several new proposals submitted or under development for NSF ITR, NSF NeTS and DARPA, including • Software API & sockets for sensor nets – NSF NeTS NOSS • Spectrum measurements – NSF NeTS ProWIN • Collaborative radio teams (ACERT) –DARPA • Internet spectrum server – NSF NeTS ProWIN • Ad-hoc emergency response networks – DHS (with Columbia U) • Started work on future Internet planning project for NSF – involves over 20 key networking researchers from various universities and research labs • Starting work on “wireless ecosystems” ERC focusing on migration from centralized to distributed systems. Major effort planned for Fall 05 leading to NSF proposal in Nov

16. Status Update: NJ State Projects • NJ State funding for R&D going through major changes: • Emphasizing tech transfer and jobs rather than basic research • MUSE (sensor on silicon) project year 3 funded at 50% level, but center of excellence program being phased out by NJCST • Tech Center II now in a state “enterprise zone” and thus qualifies for special programs for incubation and technology transfer support from NJ EDA • Working on a proposal for a “wireless technology center of NJ” that would develop technology cores, transfer WINLAB results and provide specialized services to companies/ventures • Opportunities for co-location of joint venture or wireless activity at EDA Tech Center Facility

17. Research Highlights

18. BTS Spectrum Management: Problem Scope Spectrum Allocation Rules (static) • Dense deployment of wireless devices, both wide-area and short-range • Proliferation of multiple radio technologies, e.g. 802.11a,b,g, UWB, 802.16, 4G, etc. • How should spectrum allocation rules evolve to achieve high efficiency? • Available options include: • Agile radios (interference avoidance) • Dynamic centralized allocation methods • Distributed spectrum coordination (etiquette) • Collaborative ad-hoc networks Auction Server (dynamic) Spectrum Coordination Server (dynamic) INTERNET Dynamic frequency provisioning Short-range infrastructure mode network (e.g. WLAN) AP Spectrum Coordination protocols Etiquette policy Spectrum Coordination protocols Ad-hoc sensor cluster (low-power, high density) Short-range ad-hoc net Wide-area infrastructure mode network (e.g. 802.16)

19. B B Wireless Architecture: Cognitive Radio Based Adaptive Networks • Cognitive radio drives consideration of adaptive wireless networks involving multi-hop collaboration between radio nodes • Needs Internet support similar to ad-hoc network discussed earlier • Rapid changes in network topology, PHY bit-rate, etc.  implications for routing • Fundamentally cross-layer approach – need to consider wired net boundary • High-power cognitive radios may themselves serve as Internet routers… INTERNET Bootstrapped PHY & control link C D D E A A End-to-end routed path From A to F F

20. 100BaseT Ethernet TMS320C6701 Megarray Connector- 244 Configurable I/O pins XC2V6000 FPGA MPC8260 Cognitive Radio: Hardware Platforms • Next-generation software-defined radio supporting fast spectrum scanning, adaptive control of modulation waveforms and collaborative network processing • Facilitates efficient unlicensed band coordination and multi-standard compatibility between radio devices Bell Laboratories Software Defined Radio (Baseband Processor) Courtesy of Dr. T. Sizer

21. Cognitive Radio: Hardware Platform Requirements include: • ~Ghz spectrum scanning, • - Etiquette policy processing • - PHY layer adaptation (per pkt) • - Ad-hoc network discovery • - Multi-hop routing ~100 Mbps+ Network Processor Software defined modem Agile radio I/O WINLAB’s “network centric” concept for cognitive radio prototype (..under development in collaboration with GA Tech & Lucent Bell Labs)

22. Internet AP AP coverage area Access Point (AP) AP AP Self-organized ad-hoc network Low-tier access links (AP/FN Beacons, MN Associations, Data) Forwarding Node (FN) FN • FN • Scan all channels • Find minimum delay links to AP • Set up routes to AP • Send beacons • Forward SN data Beacon FN FN Beacon Channel 4 MN MN MN Ad-hoc infrastructure links between FNs and APs (AP/FN Beacons, FN Associations, Routing Exchanges, Data) Transmit Power Required: 4mW Assoc MN MN FN MN Channel 2 • SN • Scan all channels • Associate with FN/AP • Send data FN coverage area Transmit Power Required: 1mW Low-tier (e.g. sensor) Mobile Node (MN) MN MN Source MAC Broadcast MAC Node ID Packet Type Cluster ID Sequence Number Node Type Hops To AP Transmit Power Beacon Frame Format Ad-Hoc Network: Discovery Protocol • Creates efficient ad-hoc network topology just above MAC layer in order to reduce burden on routing protocol…

23. Ad-Hoc Networks : “SOHAN” Results Flat Hierarchical System Parameters: 0.9 sq. km, 20 mobiles/sensors, 4 FNs, 2 APs 802.11a with multiple freqs AP FN Mapping on to ORBIT Radio grid emulator MN Hierarchical • “SOHAN” system evaluated for urban mesh deployment scenario with ~25 nodes • Results show that system scales well and significantly outperforms flat ad-hoc routing (AODV) Flat

24. Ad-Hoc MAC: D-LSMA Scheduling A B C RTS • Link scheduling to allow parallel transmissions, solves “exposed node”  useful for QoS on ad-hoc FN-FN infrastructure in hierarchical systems • Distributed scheduling algorithm (upper MAC), using 802.11-based lower MAC CTS DATA E D …… Classified flows A B Scheduler Upper MAC C D to C to C to E to C to E to C to E Lower MAC D-LSMA RTS retransmit E T t0 t1 t2

25. Wireless Architecture: Sensor Nets and Pervasive Systems Pervasive Application Agents Compute & Storage Servers User interfaces for information & control Mobile Internet (IP-based) Overlay Pervasive Network Services 3G/4G BTS Sensor net/IP gateway GW Relay Node Sensor/ Actuator Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B Virtualized Physical World Object or Event

26. Pervasive Systems: Key Technologies IP Network Application Agents Content-Based Routing Caching, Dynamic Binding Content Router IP Routing Application Server IP Network Gateway Application Ad-Hoc Net Protocols Caching, Dynamic Binding Wireless Access Point Content-Based Routing Ad-Hoc Net Protocols Infostation (wireless cache) Radio Forwarding Node Application Caching, Dynamic Binding Adaptive CR Net Protocols Content-Based Routing PHY Adaptation Ad-Hoc Net Protocols CR Software Platform TinyOS Future Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensors

27. Sensor Hardware: Multimodal ZnO device • “Tunable” ZnO sensor prototype developed: • Can be “reset” to increase sensitivity, e.g. in liquids or gas • Dual mode (acoustic and UV optic) • Applicable to variety of sensing needs Courtesy of: Prof Y. Lu, Rutgers U

28. Pervasive Applications: Highway Safety • Sensors in roadway interact with sensor/actuator in cars • Opportunistic, attribute-based binding of sensors and cars • Ad-hoc network with dynamically changing topology • Closed-loop operation with tight real-time and reliability constraints

29. Pervasive Systems: Software Model • Sensor net scenarios require a fundamentally new software model (…not TCP/IP or web!!): • Large number of context-dependent sources/sensors with unknown IP address • Content-driven networking (…not like TCP/IP client-server!) • Distributed, collaborative computing between “sensor clusters” • Varying wireless connectivity and resource levels Pervasive Computing Application Agent 2 Agent 3 Agent 1 Sensor Net Software Model Overlay Network for Dynamic Agent <-> Sensor Association Sensor Cluster B Run-time Environment (network OS) Sensor Cluster A OS/Process Scheduling Resource Discovery Ad-hoc Routing

30. ORBIT Testbed: Radio Grid 64-node radio grid prototype at Busch Campus (8/04) 400-node radio grid system at Tech Center II (under construction 5/05)

31. ORBIT: Field Trial System Lucent “Base Station Router” with IP interface “Open API” 802.11a,b,g ORBIT radio node

32. Web Sites for More Information: • WINLAB: www.winlab.rutgers.edu • ORBIT: www.orbit-lab.org