Tutorial 5:

1. Tutorial 5: User-Generated Contenton the Internet

2. Objectives New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition • Session 5.1 • Understand push and pull communication • Learn about Web 2.0 • Examine email-based communication • Understand Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds • Explore the technology used in podcasting • Use a mashup site

3. Objectives • Session 5.2 • Explore different methods of chat communication • Examine online social and business networks • Learn about photo- and video-sharing sites • Learn about blogs and microblogs • Explore ways to protect your online privacy, identity, and reputation New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

4. Session 5.1 OverviewPull Technologies New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

5. Push and Pull Communications • Some communication methods use push technology to send content to users who request it • Chat • Instant messaging • Online social networks • Photo- and video-sharing sites • Blogs New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

6. Push and Pull Communications • Pull technology has subscribers “pull” content to their computers when they want it • Mailing lists • Newsgroups • Feeds • Podcasts • Mashups New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

7. Web 2.0 • Web 2.0 is a term coined to describe the changed Internet in which users interact with content • Creates users who actively participate in writing the content that they are viewing—hence the term “user-generated content” • Users interact with content and are given new and easy ways to create it • Term indicates a change in the way people use the Web • A virtual community, called an online social network, provides a way for people to discuss issues and share information using the Internet or cellular networks New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

8. Email-Based Communication • A popular way of sharing information is to join, or subscribe to a mailing list • Mailing lists: • Use a list server to send subscribers messages from other list members • Might be moderated, in which case an individual or group called the list moderator monitors messages sent to the list and discards inappropriate content; this type of list is called a moderated list • If it has a list administrator who oversees the list’s members, the list is called a closed list • If anyone can subscribe to a mailing list, it is called an open list New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

9. Email-Based Communication • The Usenet News Service, or Usenet, was founded in 1979 at Duke University as a way of collecting information and storing it by topic category • One of the first large, distributed information databases in the world • Originally devoted to transmitting computing news and facilitating discussions among employees of university computing departments on topics such as operating systems and programming languages • Topic categories on Usenet originally were called newsgroups or forums; now called Internet discussion group • A distributed database is stored in multiple physical locations, with portions of the database replicated in different locations New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

10. Email-Based Communication • Newsgroups: • Are similar to mailing lists in that they accept messages from users and make them generally available to other users • Do not use a list server to forward copies of submitted messages to subscribers • Stores items on a server as articles or postings • The server that stores a newsgroup is called a news server • The collection of news servers connected to the Internet make up Usenet New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

11. Email-Based Communication When Usenet News Service began, the only way to read or post articles to newsgroups was to install and run a software program called a newsreader Now, you can easily search and read newsgroup articles by using a Web site that archives articles New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

12. Getting Information from RSS Feeds • Usenet is an example of a feed (also commonly called a newsfeed or a Web feed) that uses pull technology to deliver changing content to users; content might be from: • A blog • A Web site • A news organization • The format that is used to syndicate (distribute) published content from one site to another is called RSS, an acronym for Really Simple Syndication; another format is Atom • Feeds are similar to newsgroups in that they let you subscribe to content that you want to receive on your device • Feeds differ from newsgroups because of the way that content is delivered to subscribers: • Newsgroup postings are delivered via email messages • Feeds are delivered through a program that includes a summary and a link to the published or actual content New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

13. Getting Information from RSS Feeds Feeds are used by organizations and individuals that create and maintain blogs, and on social networking sites as a way to publish content and alert subscribers to changes in the content To receive feed content, you can install an aggregator on your device Most Web browsers, email programs, and social networking sites have built-in aggregators that let you subscribe to, view, and remove feeds New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

14. Podcasting • Podcasting lets a user subscribe to an audio or video feed, then listen to it or watch it at the user’s convenience on a compatible device • The software to subscribe to a podcast is called a podcatcher; it manages the schedule for downloading files to your device New Perspectives on the Internet, 9thEdition

15. Mashups • A software program uses an application programming interface (API) to communicate with an operating system or some other program • Written with a specific goal in mind • Reduce the amount of coding for third-party software programs • A company writes an API and makes it available to any developer who wants to use it—usually for free • The term Web services describes the process of organizations communicating through a network to share data without needing extensive knowledge of each other’s systems New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

16. Mashups • In a mashup, a developer combines the services from two (or more) different sites using the APIs to create a completely new site that uses features from each site • Generally, customized advertising generates revenue for a mashup site New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

17. Session 5.2 OverviewPush Technologies New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

18. Internet Chat Communication • Originally, chat described the act of exchanging typed messages, or a text chat • Early networks included many computers that ran a program called Talk that allowed users to exchange short text messages • In 1988, JarkkoOikarinen wrote a program that extended the capabilities of Talk; he called his multiuser program Internet Relay Chat (IRC) • By 1991, IRC was running on more than 100 servers throughout the world • IRC became popular among scientists and academicians for conducting informal discussions about experiments and theories with colleagues at other universities and institutes • IRC is still widely used today around the world New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

19. Internet Chat Communication In the 1990s, people used their Web browsers to visit a virtual chat room, where they could send text-only messages to other users in the room or just read the messages without contributing to the discussion (lurking) Today, chats can involve exchanging pictures, videos, sounds, data, and programs In voice chat, participants speak to each other in real time In video chat, participants can see and speak to each other New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

20. Internet Chat Communication • Instant messaging (IM) software lets users chat in real time using an Internet-connected device • The first instant messaging program, ICQ (pronounced “I seek you”), started in 1996 and still has millions of worldwide users • There are many instant messaging software products available: • America Online (AOL) created its own instant messaging software called AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) • Microsoft created MSN Messenger (called Windows Live Messenger in Windows Vista and Windows 7) • Yahoo! Created Yahoo! Messenger • Other portals and software vendors released their own products New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

21. Internet Chat Communication • IM is now widely available, with built-in support on many social networking sites and other types of Web sites, and for many types of devices including computers and cell phones • A text message is another type of instant message which occurs over a cellular network between users who are connected to the network using cell phones or other mobile devices • Uses different technology than instant messaging, but its communication is very similar • Lets users send and receive very short messages (usually 140 characters or less) in real time New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

22. Internet Chat Communication • Voice Over Internet Protocol • Some instant messaging programs include support for voice communications • Another option for voice calls is VoIP, which is an acronym for Voice over Internet Protocol • A cost-effective alternative to the traditional “landline” telephone service • VoIP providers rely on the Internet as their network • VoIP eliminates monthly service fees and taxes and usually includes long-distance and international calling for free or for a nominal charge • Most VoIP providers include calling features that you expect from landlines, such as caller ID, call forwarding, call waiting, and voice mail services New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

23. Internet Chat Communications • Voice Over Internet Protocol (continued) • VoIP is a way to reduce costs by routing conversations over existing Internet networks while at the same time providing other business services • The primary disadvantage of VoIP is its limitations in identifying a caller’s physical location for 911 operators New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

24. Online Social Networks • Social networks connect people with specific common interests • Craigslist was an early online social network • Connecting with Friends • An early pioneer of Web 2.0 was Friendster, launched in 2003 • Facebook began in 2004 as a closed network for college students; now open to anyone 13 and older with an email address • Many social networks operate in niche markets • By building up a set of connections, members can develop contacts within a community New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

25. Online Social Networks • Advertising Revenues from Social Networks • Most social networking sites rely heavily on advertising to generate the revenue they need to operate • Many corporations now use social networks as a way of connecting with consumers by: • Harvesting data in user profiles and displaying relevant advertising • Garnering product feedback • Offering coupons and other incentives for purchasing their products and services New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

26. Online Social Networks • Advertising Revenues from Social Networks (cont.) • Facebook is a particularly attractive site because of its large number of active users • The largest social network in the world, Facebook has become an essential communication tool for individuals and a valuable marketing tool for corporations New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

27. Online Business Networks • Users of online business networks are looking for specific business solutions • A company recruiting employees with specific skills • A vendor hoping to place its product in a particular retail outlet • An organization searching for a consultant who can provide assistance on a specific topic New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

28. Online Business Networks • Examples: • LinkedIn – social network started in 2003 for business professionals; has more than 135 million individual members • Sermo – a site restricted to credentialed U.S. physicians that has more than 120,000 members • Ryze – a business network site; stands for “rise up” (has 500,000 members) New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

29. Sharing Pictures on the Web • Existing photo-processing services began allowing consumers to upload their digital images to a Web site, print photographs, and purchase items sold by the site imprinted with those images • New sites (called photo-sharing sites) started offering these same services plus enhanced tools that made it easy for users to upload pictures and create more complex items • Shutterfly and Snapfish let users upload pictures and print them in different ways, and share them with other users • Flickr lets users tag images by category or person and share these photos as part of the Flickr social network or with other social networks New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

30. Sharing Videos on the Web • Similar to photo-sharing sites, a video-sharing site lets users post video content • Might be short clips shot with a cell phone • Professionally produced movie trailers, news segments, or interviews • YouTube was an early (2005) and hugely successful video sharing site; now the primary place where people post and watch video content on the Web • YouTube now has strategic partnerships with many major television and cable networks and music labels to broadcast their content • YouTube relies heavily on display ad placement, brand channels, and contests to generate revenue New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

31. Blogs • A blog is a Web site that is published to express the blogger’s opinions about a particular topic • Some blogs function much like news organizations by disseminating information about a specific story or from a specific organization • A blog might contain only text and comments, but it usually includes photographs, links, videos, and other content, and lets readers integrate the blog content they are viewing into their own social network New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

32. Blogs • Many blogs are published using free blogging tools available from sites such as Blogger, WordPress, and Windows Live Writer • Blogging tools often include: • Templates that format the blog’s content and provide the blog’s overall design • Create a form to post comments • Create a widget of tools to post the content on other sites • Provide code snippets to create hyperlinks and embed photos in the postings New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

33. Microblogs • A microblog is a form of blogging that sends short messages – usually 140 characters or less – on a very frequent schedule • Microblog postings are sometimes called tweets • The act of microblogging is sometimes called tweeting • A follower is a person who is receiving microblog updates • Many microbloggers use the same text message acronyms that you find in instant messages • Users include user-defined keywords called hashtags to create topical categories that link to other messages with the same hashtags New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

34. Protecting Your Privacy and Identity on Social Networks • Considerations include: • Many people have the same name • Falsified ages • Cyberbullying, or using Internet communication to harass, threaten, or intimidate someone • By making your information public, you put yourself at risk New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition

35. Protecting Your Reputation • Although postings can be deleted, information is archived • Schools monitor online sites • Your online profile can be accessed by people in positions of authority • False information can be posted about people • There are companies that specializes in online reputation management New Perspectives on the Internet, 9th Edition