Biology EOC REVIEW

1. Biology EOCREVIEW YOU CAN DO IT !!!

2. Test Taking Strategies • TAKE YOUR TIME!  4 Hour Time Limit • Use the scratch paper and calculator. • If a graph, diagram, or table is given, read the title, labels, units, and note trends BEFORE reading questions.  • Read entire question before looking at answer choices. Highlight key words.

3. Test Taking Strategies • Read ALL answer choices BEFORE selecting one. Eliminate obvious incorrect choices.  • Think twice before changing your first answer. • Keep going. Mark questions that you are unsureof and come back. • Get Lots of Sleep and Eat Breakfast!

4. VIRUSES • Viruses have a basic structure of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA not both) and a protein coat (capsid). Viruses are considered non-living because they need a host cell in order to reproduce. • The four different shapes that a virus can be are: Polyhedral (many sided) Spherical Polyhedral with a tail Rod shaped • Viruses cannot be killed with medications since they are non-living.

5. BACTERIA • Bacteria are considered living organisms. They are placed into one of two different kingdoms (Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria). • Bacteria are made up of prokaryotic cells. All other living things are made up of eukaryotic cells. • The three different shapes that a bacterium can be are: bacillus (rod shaped), spirillum (spiral), and coccus (round). • Bacteria reproduce by a process called binary fission (the cell simply splits). • There are both helpful and harmful bacteria. Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) is an example. Even though it can contaminate food, we have E. Coli living symbiotically (mutualistically) in our intestines.

7. Viruses and Bacteria • Viruses are considered living things. True or False 2. The virus that causes AIDS is HIV which attacks helper T cells in the Immune System. • Which are antibiotics effective against? Virus or Bacteria 4. Describe a prokaryotic cell. No nucleus or membrane bound organelles 5. Give an example of a helpful or beneficial bacteria. Any bacteria which aids in digestion or is found in the soil to help make nitrogen available to plants

8. Information about Sendai Virus:Some infants and children are infected with humanparainfluenza virus type 1, also know as HPIV-1.A vaccine against HPIV-1 is made of a low dose of Sendai virus.Sendai virus has a similar structure to HPIV-1.Sendai Virus makes mice sick but does not make humans sick.Why is Sendai virus used as a vaccine against HPIV-1?A. It alters the protein coat of HPIV-1B. It makes cells chemically unrecognizable to HPIV-1C. It forms a protective barrier against HPIV-1D. It triggers the production of antibodies that fight HPIV-1

9. ECOLOGY • Ecology- The study of the interaction of living organisms with one another and with their environment. • Producer- Any organism that is able to make its own food either using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. • Consumer- An organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources.

10. Trophic Levels • Primary consumer- A consumer that would feed on a producer. • Secondary consumer- Feeds on primary consumers (2nd level of web). • Tertiary consumer- Feeds on secondary consumers (3rd level of web). • Quartenary consumer- Feeds on tertiary consumers (4th level of web).

11. Symbiotic Relationships • Commensalism- An ecological relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed. • Parasitism (Parasite)- An ecological relationship in which one organism lives on or in another organism and absorbs nutrients from it. • Mutualism- An ecological relationship in which both organisms benefit.

12. Food Chain and Food Web • Food chain- The pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms. • Food web- A diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. • ****Remember that a consumer only takes in 10% of the energy from the organism that it eats. 90% is lost as heat and waste.

14. Ecology 11 3o Cons 2o Cons 1o Consumer Producer 6. Complete the Ecological Pyramid and give an example for each trophic level: Example Hawk Example Snake Example Grasshopper Example Grass

15. 7. Where do producers get their energy from? Sun 8. 10 % of the energy transferred at each trophic level is used and 90 % is lost as heat or waste. 9. Match each of type of symbiotic relationship to the correct definition then give an example of each: + +_ a. Mutualism + - One benefits/one harmed + o_ b. Commensalism + + Both benefit + -_ c. Parasitism + o One benefits/one unaffected + -d. Predation +/- e. Competition

16. About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next level. What usually happens to the energy that is not passed to the next trophic level or used to carry out life processes?A. It is given off as heatB. It is stored as vitaminsC. It is used in reproductionD. It is used in protein synthesis

17. Cholera-causing bacteria belong to the genus Vibrio. Some species of Vibrio cause diseases in chickens and humans. However, some species have mutualistic relationships with fish and other marine life.Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic relationship in an aquatic environment?A. Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteriaB. Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the fish digest food.C. Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in which fish are secondary consumers.D. Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle nutrients back into the environment.

18. CELL STRUCTURE CELL ORGANELLES: • Cytoplasm – a mostly fluid internal environment of a cell • Ribosomes – structures on which proteins are made • Nucleus - directs cell activities and is the storage center for the cell’s DNA • Mitochondria – a specialized organelle that converts the energy stored in food into a form that is usable by the cells (ATP). The “power plant” of cells.

19. CELL ORGANELLES: • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – an extensive system of membranes throughout the cell that creates a series of channels that act as a highway system through the cytoplasm • Rough ER - Many proteins and lipids are manufactured on the surface of the ER by ribosomes. Ribosomes on the outer surface of the ER result in rough ER • Smooth ER - ER without ribosomes • Lysosome - contain digestive enzymes which digest excess an worn-out organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses and bacteria

20. CELL ORGANELLES: • Golgi apparatus – the cell’s packaging and distribution center; it receives proteins and lipids from the ER and labels them with tags that specify their destination, then releases the molecules in membrane-wrapped vesicles to be sent somewhere else in the cell or exported from the cell. • Vacuoles – fluid-filled spaces surrounded by membranes; they function in digestion, storage, support, and water balance • Chloroplast - chlorophyll-containing organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists; captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy

22. ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL DIFFERENCES: • Plants have a cell wall – a thick outer layer that contains the carbohydrate cellulose and protein. The cell wall gives strength and rigidity to the cell. • Vacuoles are often more highly developed in plant cells. They have large central vacuoles that may occupy 30%-90% of the cell’s volume. The stored water helps the plant to stand upright (this is why plants wilt and become limp when they haven’t gotten enough water) • Plants still have mitochondria but they get their food (which the mitochondria still convert to ATP) from chloroplasts – organelles that can make food (sugars) using air, water, and the energy from sunlight. This process is known as photosynthesis

24. Cells 10. What is the function of each organelle? a. Ribosome produce proteins b. Nucleus controls cellular activity/contains DNA c. Chloroplast site of photosynthesis d. Mitochondria site of energy production 11. Describe a eukaryotic cell? Cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

25. The swordfish has a heat-generating organ that warms its brain and eyes up to 14°C above the surrounding water temperature. What structures are likely to be found in relatively high concentrations in the cells of this organ?A ChromosomesB MitochondriaC NucleiD Ribosomes

26. Cells • Cell growth and development is carefully controlled but instructions are in the nucleus. Those instructions are found in DNA. • When a cell divides, its long stringy DNA (chromatin) condenses into a structure called a chromosome. Chromosomes contain genes (the specific regions of DNA that code for proteins).

27. Mitosis • The process of cell division is called Mitosis. • It consists of four phases: • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. • Main take away: the process of mitosis produces two daughter cells, each with a full set of chromosomes (diploid)…identical to the original cell. In humans, 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.

29. Meiosis • The process that produces reproductive cells is called Meiosis. • It is important that sex cells (eggs and sperm) contain only HALF the number of chromosomes (haploid) of a regular cell so that they can fuse together to form a complete set of chromosomes in an organism. • Both Mitosis and Meiosis are preceded by interphase during which DNA is copied.

30. Meiosis • 8 Phases: • Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I. • Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II. • Main take-away: One cell with a full set of chromosomes divides to produce FOUR daughter cells each with HALF the number of chromosomes.

32. 12. Mitosis: number of daughter cells produced 2 number of sets of chromosomes Full/diploid Function: cell replacement and growth oforgansims 13. Meiosis: number of daughter cells produced 4 number of sets of chromosomes Half/haploid Function: production of gametes (eggs and sperm) 14. Humans have 23pairs or 46 total number of chromosomes. Females have the sex chromosomes XX Males have the sex chromosomes XY

33. If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis?A. 11B. 19C. 38D. 76

34. Karyotypes • Karyotype:set of chromosomes found in an organism's cells, arranged by size. • A normalset has TWO of each specific chromosome (one from mom, one from dad). Only one chromosome is an abnormality.

36. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA can be found in the nucleus of every cell in your body except red blood cells. • DNA contains instructions for all living things. It must also somehow copy itself to pass these instructions from one generation to the next.

37. DNA Structure - James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to make a model of the DNA molecule. • They determined it had a double helix shape. The molecule is composed of nucleotides which contain: 1) a phosphate group 2) a five carbon sugar molecule 3) a nitrogen-containing base • The bases are the key. There are four bases. Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C)

39. DNA Replication • Replication - DNA must copy itself for the production of new cells. Replication is the process of DNA copying itself. It can copy itself exactly because of the molecular structure of the bases. Adenine only bonds with thymine and cytosine only bonds with guanine. A == T C == G • If a sequence of bases is G-A-C-C the matching base would be C-T-G-G. When DNA is copied the double strand is ripped apart by special enzymes which allow bases floating freely in the nucleus to attach to the appropriate base of the DNA chain.

41. Protein Synthesis Traits such as eye color are determined by proteins that are built according to the instructions coded in the DNA. DNA->Transcription->RNA->Translation->Protein See “DNA Workshop Activity” at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/

42. Protein Synthesis is a Two Step Process: • Transcription: The instructions for making a protein are transferred from DNA to RNA. RNA contains the base Urasil (U) instead of Thymine (T). A==U C==G • Translation: RNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome where the amino acid chain will be constructed to produce a protein.

44. DNA 15. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid 16. In DNA, Adenine bonds with Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine 17. In RNA, Adenine bonds with Urasil and Cytosine bonds with Guanine 18. What is DNA replication? The production of an exact copy of DNA 19. Producing a mRNA copy of DNA is called the transcription step of Protein Synthesis? 20. Using the code in mRNA to produce a protein is called the translation step of Protein Synthesis?

45. 5’CGCTAA3’ Which of the following nucleotide base sequences complements the section of DNA modeled above? A5’UTCGCA3’ B5’TTAGCG3’ C5’GCGATT3’ D5’TTUCGC3’

46. UGAUUC Which of these represents the DNA segment from which this section of mRNA was transcribed? A ACTAAG B TCUTTG C GAAUCU D UCCTGA

48. TAC - GGC - ATC What amino acid sequence does the above DNA strand code for? AUG - CCG - UAG START – PROLINE – STOP