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Beyond Tonality

Beyond Tonality. Expressionism & Schoenberg. Expressionism 1910-1939 “A theory or practice in art of seeking to depict the artist’s subjective responses to objects and events” M-W Fascination with inner feelings Centered in Vienna Freud, Schnitzler, Klimt Schoenberg, Berg, Webern

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Beyond Tonality

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  1. Beyond Tonality

  2. Expressionism & Schoenberg • Expressionism 1910-1939 • “A theory or practice in art of seeking to depict the artist’s subjective responses to objects and events” M-W • Fascination with inner feelings • Centered in Vienna • Freud, Schnitzler, Klimt • Schoenberg, Berg, Webern • Concentrated on anguish, insanity, fear, hatred, death • A reaction against Impressionism

  3. The Second Viennese School • Arnold Schoenberg (1874 - 1951) • Atonal • Expressionism • 12 - tone music • Sprechstimme

  4. Arnold Schoenberg 1874-1951 • One of the most radically innovative composers of the century • Only musical training was on violin • Began composing at age 8 • Romantic style until he was 25 • Believed tonality had outlived its usefulness • Atonality = without key center • “Five Pieces for Orchestra”

  5. Arnold Schoenberg • Not well received • Developed the 12-tone system • A system of structure • Composer uses all the notes • Uses the notes in a strict order • Must follow this order throughout the piece • Taught at the Academy of Arts in Berlin from 1926 - 1933

  6. Schoenberg • Compositions on Jewish themes • Jacob’s Ladder 1922 • Moses and Aaron 1938 • Survivor from Warsaw 1947 • Moved to the United States in 1933 • Taught at UCLA • Died in 1951 • His music was not performed very much • Difficult and inaccessible

  7. Schoenberg • Influenced • Berg and Webern • His 12 - tone system affected an entire generation of composers • Regarded as one of the most important composers of the 20th century

  8. Schoenberg’s Music • Three periods • Early • Atonal • 12 - tone • Early period 1890s - 1907 • Late Romantic style • Verklarte Nacht

  9. Schoenberg’s Music • Atonal Period 1908 - 1915 • Pierrot Lunaire • Five Pieces for Orchestra • 12 - tone Period 1923 - 1951 • Moses and Aaron

  10. Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 • Five publications by Schoenberg • Original - 1912 • two-piano score by Webern - 1913 • Chamber ensemble by Schoenberg • New, revised full orchestra score of 1922 • New edition for normal orchestra - 1949, pub. 1952

  11. Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 • This is the original score • I. Premonitions (everybody has those) • II. The Past (everybody has that, too) • III. Chord-Colors (technical) • IV. Peripetia (general enough, I think) • V . The Obbligato (perhaps better the “fully-developed” or the “endless”) Recitative

  12. Bach-Schoenberg:Prelude and Fugue in E-flat Major “St. Anne”

  13. Schoenberg’s Students • Alban Berg • 1885 - 1935 (died of an infected insect bite) • Anton Webern • 1883 - 1945 (shot by a nervous American soldier) • About 10 years younger • Studied with Schoenberg in their late teens

  14. Bela Bartok 1881 - 1945

  15. Bela Bartok • 1881 - 1945 • folk music • the American years • Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta

  16. Bela Bartok 1881 - 1945 • A pianist • Toured Eastern Europe, Turkey, North Africa • Published 2000 tunes • Refused to play in Germany • Emigrated to the U.S. in 1940 • Worked for the Folk Music Collection at Columbia University

  17. Bela Bartok • Unrecognized in the United States • Wrote no new music for several years • 1943 - commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra and wrote the Concerto for Orchestra

  18. Bartok the Ethnomusicologist, Pianist, and Composer • Many compositions are colored by the native music of Eastern Europe • The piano is featured in many of his works • Composed a long series of graded works called Mikrokosmos • His most profound works are his string quartets

  19. Concerto for Orchestra • Introduction • Game of the Pairs • Elegy • Intermezzo interrotto • Finale

  20. Dmitri Shostakovich 1906 - 1975

  21. Benjamin Britten 1913 - 1976

  22. Other National Schools • France • Les Six • Darius Milhaud (1892 - 1974) • The Creation of the World • Arthur Honegger (1892 - 1955) • Pacific 231 • Germaine Tailleferre (1892 - 1983) • Marchand d'Oiseaux, 1923 • Francis Poulenc (1899 - 1963) • Dialogues of the Carmelites • Georges Auric (1899 - 1983) • Les Mariès de la Tour Eiffel • Louis Durey (1888 - 1979) • Le Bestiaire (Guillaume Apollinaire) Op 17a

  23. Les Six(without Durey) • Taileferre • Milhaud • Honegger • Auric • Poulenc • Cocteau • Meyer • Wiener

  24. Russia • Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873 - 1943) • 2nd Piano Concerto • Alexander Scriabin (1872 - 1915) • Poem of Fire • Sergei Prokofiev (1891 - 1953) • Peter and the Wolf • Dimitri Shostakovich (1906 - 1975) • 15 Symphonies

  25. England • Ralph Vaughn Williams (1872 - 1958) • Fantasia on Greensleeves • Benjamin Britten (1913 - 1976) • Peter Grimes

  26. Germany • Paul Hindemith (1895 - 1963) • Mathis der Maler • Carl Orff (1895 - 1982) • Carmina Burana • Kurt Weill (1900 - 1950) • The Three - Penny Opera

  27. Hungary • Zoltan Kodaly (1882 - 1967) • Harry Janos • Czechoslovakia • Leos Janacek (1855 - 1928) • Jenufa • Spain • Isaac Albeniz (1860 - 1909) • Suite Iberia • Enrique Granados (1867 - 1916) • Goyescas • Manuel de Falla (1876 - 1946) • The Three - Cornered Hat

  28. Other National Schools • Finland • Jean Sibelius (1865 - 1957) • Finlandia • Denmark • Carl Nielsen (1865 - 1931) • 6 Symphonies • Switzerland • Ernest Bloch (1880 - 1959) • Schelomo

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