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Human Growth & Development

Human Growth & Development. SM 60 – Fall 2002 ETS - R. Bell Christian Commitment & Excellence in Learning. Seven Significant Counseling Decision Points within 3 Phases of Counseling. Phase I – Identifying the Nature of the Problem Problem Incidence Correlated Problems

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Human Growth & Development

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  1. Human Growth & Development SM 60 – Fall 2002 ETS - R. Bell Christian Commitment & Excellence in Learning

  2. Seven Significant Counseling Decision Points within 3 Phases of Counseling Phase I – Identifying the Nature of the Problem • Problem Incidence • Correlated Problems • Typical Symptom Clusters • Causal Variables • Genetic Endowment • Environmental Forces • Developmental History • Predictions about Counselee’s Future • Societal Expectations & Pressures

  3. Phase II: Adopting Suitable Counseling Techniques • An appropriate counseling approach • Logical Analysis • Normative data re: technique’s success in the past • Progress of the Case • Counselee cooperation • Counselee testimony • Adjustment inventories • Abatement of symptoms • Assessment of long-term outcomes • Evaluating the solution to the counselee’s problem – longtitudinal outcome

  4. Phase III: Completing the Counseling Process Terminating Counseling: How? Why? By Whom?

  5. Kail/Cavanaugh Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development

  6. What is Lifespan Development? • The multidisciplinary study of • how people change and how • they remain the same over time.

  7. Periods of Development • Newborn (birth to 1 month) • Infant (1 month to 1 year) • Toddler (1 to 2 years) • Preschooler (2 to 6 years) • School-age child (6 to 12 years) • Adolescent (12 to 20 years) • Young adult (20 to 40 years) • Middle-aged adult (40 to 60 years) • Young-old adult (60 to 80 years) • Old-old adult (80 years and beyond)

  8. Recurring Issues • Nature vs. Nurture • Continuity vs. Discontinuity • Universal vs. Context-Specific

  9. Forces in Human Development • Biological Forces • normative age-graded influences • normative history-graded influences • non-normative influences • Psychological Forces • Sociocultural Forces • Life-cycle Forces

  10. Life Cyle Forces

  11. What is a Theory? • an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

  12. Empirical (Experimental) Reductionistic – one objective approach Hypothesis testing Seeks to prove/disprove Naturalistic Holistic – multiple subjective approaches Hypothesis generating Seeks to explain or interpret Two Major Approaches to Research:

  13. Measurement Tools and Issues • Systematic Observation • naturalistic or structured • Sampling Behavior • Self Reports • Reliability and Validity Issues • Representative Sampling

  14. Experimental Studies • Manipulate the key factor you think is causing a particular variable • Independent Variable • Dependent Variable IV (cause) >>> DV (effect) “Those who listen to music while studying perform poorly on tests.”

  15. Steps in an Experiment

  16. Developmental Designs • Longitudinal Design • Cross-sectional Design • Sequential Design

  17. Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional

  18. Naturalistic Design • Observation to achieve a “thick” understanding of the phenomenon • “thick” = multi-level • Flexible design • “What are the primary adjustments to living in a nursing home?” • “What factors determine an easy adjustment?”

  19. Ethical Research Practices • Minimize risk to participants • Informed consent • Avoid deception • Results should be confidential

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