Drug Use and Abuse

1. Drug Use and Abuse Chapter 19 & 22

2. Types of Tobacco Products • Cigarettes • Chewing tobacco • Pipe tobacco • Cigars

3. Definitions • Tar: The dark, sticky mixture of chemicals that is formed when tobacco is burnt. • Damages respiratory system by destroying cilia, alveoli’s (small air sacs that absorb oxygen and get rid of carbon monoxide • Stimulant: A drug that increases the action of the central nervous system • Nicotine: The drug in tobacco that may act as a stimulant and causes addiction. • Carbon Monoxide: A poisonous, colorless, odorless gas produced when tobacco is burnt.

4. Definiton • Addictive Drug: a substance that causes physiological or psychological dependence • Carcinogen: A cancer-causing substance • Smokeless Tobacco: Tobacco that is sniffed through the nose, held in the mouth or chewed. • Leukoplakia: Thickened, white, leathery-looking spots on the inside of the mouth that can develop into oral cancer.

5. Tobacco advertising • TV and Radio stopped advertising tobacco in 1971 • TV and Radio stopped advertising Smokeless Tobacco in 1986. • Billboards, Newspapers, and Magazines still advertise tobacco products.

6. Laws and Regulations • Must be 18 years old to buy any tobacco product. • New York is trying to raise the age to 19 and California is trying for 21. • Storeowners and the clerks maybe charged with a misdemeanor or be fined: • 1st offense -- $200.00 • 2nd offense -- $500.00 • 3rd offense -- $1000.00

7. Tobacco Definitions • Nicotine withdrawal: the process that occurs in the body when nicotine, an addictive drug, is no longer used. • Nicotine substitutes: products that deliver small amounts of nicotine into the user’s system while he or she is trying to quit. • Mainstream smoke: the smoke that is exhaled from the lungs of a smoker • Sidestream smoke: smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar.

8. Tobacco Health Effects • Heart Disease • #1 cause of Death in the United States. • Quick Fact -- Smokers who have a heart attack are more likely to die within the first hour than those who do not smoke. • Emphysema • Is a disease that slowly destroys a persons ability to breath. • Chronic Bronchitis – is a disease where the airway produces mucus, “smokers cough” • Lung Cancer -- More than 87% of lung cancers are caused directly by smoking

9. Smoking and pregnancy • The nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other harmful chemicals enter the mother’s blood systems and pass directly into the baby’s body. • Prevents the baby from getting essential nutrients and oxygen. • Causing smaller babies. • Other effects are: miscarriages, premature delivery, stillbirths, infant deaths, low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

10. ETS • Does Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) or Second-hand smoke harm the non-smokers? • Children who live in smoking households have much higher rate of asthma, bronchitis, and colds and ear infections than children who live in a non-smoking environment. • Children who grow up in smoking environments have a 30% higher chance of developing lung cancer as adults. • That’s why the places smokers can light up is becoming more and more restricted.

11. Quitting Smoking • Withdraw Symptoms • Irritable, cranky • Insomnia • Fatigue • Inability to concentrate • Cough • Sore throat • Tightness in the chest • Craving to smoke • Headaches

12. Quitting smoking • Benefits • After 20 minutes—Blood pressure, pulse rate, and body temperature of hands and feet returns to normal. • 8 hours—Carbon monoxide level in blood drops to normal and oxygen level in blood increases to normal. • 1 day—Chance of heart attack decreases. • 2 days—Ability to smell and taste improves. • 3 days—Bronchial tubes relax and lung capacity increases. • 2 weeks to 3 months—Circulation improves, walking is easier, and lung function increases up to 30%. • 5 – 10 years your lungs are back to normal

13. Smoking Alternatives • Nicotine Nasal Spray • Nicotine Lozenges • Hypnosis • Acupuncture and Acupressure • Nicotine Patch • Nicotine Gum

14. Alcohol Vocabulary • Ethanol-the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages. • Depressant-a drug that slows the central nervous system. • Intoxication-is the state in which the body is poisoned by alcohol or another substance, and the person’s physical and mental control is significantly reduced.

15. Alcohol Vocabulary • Binge Drinking: Drinking five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting. • Alcohol poisoning: A severe and potentially fatal physical reaction to an alcohol overdose. • Symptoms include: mental confusion, coma, inability to be roused, vomiting, seizures, slow resp., irreg. heartbeat, hypothermia

16. Short-term Effects • Changes to the brain: • learning development, • memory, • judgment, • control and coordination is impaired. • Heart rate and blood pressure can increase in small amounts opposite effect in large amounts. • Dehydration

17. Long-term Effects • Excessive long term use can lead to • Damage to the brain cells • Increase in blood pressure, which can lead to heart attack or stroke • A physical dependency or addiction • Cirrhosis: Healthy liver tissue is replaced with useless scar tissue which leads to liver failure and death. Damage to the digestive lining of the stomach causing ulcers and stomach cancer • Damage to the digestive lining of the stomach causing ulcers and stomach cancer

18. Alcohol and Drug Dependencies • Psychological dependence: a condition in which a person believes that a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function normally. • Physiological dependence: a condition in which the user has a chemical need for a drug. • What are some factors that influence Alcohol Use?

19. Influences • Peer pressure • Family • Media messages/advertising • Spend billions of dollars each year • Sponsor sporting events, music concerts, art festivals, and college events • Always show youthful, healthy people, having fun.

20. Vocabulary • Blood alcohol concentration (BAC): Is the amount of alcohol in a person’s blood, expressed as a percentage. • Proof-measure of the percentage of alcohol in a beverage. • Fetal alcohol syndrome: A group of alcohol-related birth defects that include physical and mental problems. • Alcoholic: is an addict who is dependent on alcohol. • Alcohol abuse: The excessive use of alcohol • Alcoholism: Is a disease in which a person has a physical or psychological dependence on drinks that contain alcohol.

21. Factors that influence your BAC • Body size • Gender • Food • Rate of Intake • Amount • Medicine • Age

22. Drinking and Driving • Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or Driving Under the Influence (DUI) is illegal. • Adults with a BAC if 0.08% can be charged with drunk driving. • There is no acceptable BAC for those under the age of 21, since it is illegal to use alcohol. • Injuries to or death of the driver and others. • Arrest, jail time, court appearance and fine or bail, police record & possible lawsuits. • Severely restricted driving privileges and/or immediate confiscation of driver’s license. • Higher auto insurance rates or a canceled insurance policy.

23. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • FAS: A group of alcohol-related birth defects that include physical and mental problems • Effects of FAS: • Small head, deformities of face, hands, and feet • Heart, liver, kidney defects • Vision and hearing problem • Learning difficulties and short attention span • Hyperactivity, anxiety, and social withdrawal

24. 3 Stages of Alcoholism • Stage 1- Abuse: Starts as social drinking but a dependence begins to develop. • Stage 2- Dependence: Person cannot stop drinking and is physically dependent on alcohol. Usually tries to hide the problem. • Stage 3- Addiction: Person is completely addicted, liver and long-term effects start to take place. Would experience severe withdrawal symptoms if they quit drinking.

25. 4 Steps to Recovery • Step 1-Admission: The person admits they have a drinking problem • Step 2-Detoxification: A process in which the body adjust to functioning without alcohol • Step 3-Counseling: Getting help learning how to change behaviors and live without alcohol • Step 4-Recovery: Person takes responsibility for their own life.

26. Medicine • Medicines: Drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases or other conditions. • Drugs: Substances other than food that change the structure or function of the body and mind.

27. Tolerance and Withdrawal • Tolerance: Condition in which the body becomes used to the effect of a medicine. • Body requires larger doses to produce the same effect. • Withdrawal: Occurs when a person stops using a medicine on which he or she has become physiologically dependent. • Symptoms include; nervousness, insomnia, sereve head-aches, vomiting, chills, and cramps • Gradually go away with time.

28. Prescription Medicines • Prescription Medicines: Medicines that are dispensed only with the written approval of a licensed physician or nurse-practitioner. • Provide only the amount of medicine needed to treat your condition • Should only be taken by the person whose name appears on the prescription label. • It is against the law to take prescription medication that is not prescribed to you.

29. Over-the-Counter (OTC)Medicines • OTC: Medicines you can buy without a doctor’s prescription. • The FDA considers these medicines to be safe if used as the label directs. • While all OTC medicines are available without a prescription, the distribution of some OTC medicines are controlled. • Cold medications that contain pseudoephedrine must be kept behind the counter because these medications can be used to make highly addictive, illegal drugs. (Meth)

30. Definitions • Substance Abuse: Any unnecessary or improper use of chemical substances for non-medical purposes. • Illegal Drugs: Chemical substances that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy, or sell. • Addiction: A physiological or psychological dependence on a drug.

31. Factors That Influence Teens • Peer Pressure: Influence of friends • Family Members: Parents and family members might influence you. • Role Models • Media Messages: TV, radio, Web sites, music. • Perceptions of drug behavior: 70% of 9th graders have never used marijuana. Most teens feel everybody is using drugs. • Misleading Information: Teens might think steroid are beneficial because they will boost sports performance.

32. How Drugs Affect Your Health • Illegal drug use can lead to death • Illegal drugs are not monitored for quality, purity, or strength. • Drug abuse affects you physical, mental, and social health.

33. Consequences of Drug Use • Individual might stop pursuing their interest and goals. • Increased risk taking behavior • Depression, suicide, and jail time • Family and Friends are affected • May lose friends and family • They may feel responsible for your behavior • Society has to deal with the crime, jail time, DUI, and health care cost.

34. Marijuana • Marijuana: A plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are usually smoked for their intoxicating effects. • THC is the active chemical in marijuana • “Gateway drug” studies show that teens who used marijuana are 15 times more likely to try other drugs than those who never used marijuana.

35. MarijuanaPhysical Effects • Marijuana raises levels of a brain chemical called dopamine which produces a pleasurable feeling. • Slower mental reflexes and may suffer from sudden feelings of anxiety and paranoia. • Short-term memory is affected which can lead to problems at school and work. • Often experience distorted perception, loss of coordination, and trouble with thinking and problem solving.

36. Inhalants • Inhalants: Substances whose fumes are sniffed or inhaled to give effect. • Examples: solvents, aerosols, glues, paints, varnishes, and gasoline. • All of these can cause brain damage • Most inhalants depress the CNS • Immediate effects: glassy stare, slurred speech, impaired judgment, nausea, coughing, nosebleeds, fatigue, and lack of coordination.

37. Inhalants • Using inhalants can lead to permanent loss of brain cells. • Long-term use can cause liver and kidney damage, blindness, brain damage, paralysis, cardiac arrest, and death.

38. Anabolic-androgenicSteroids • Anabolic Steroids: synthetic substances similar to male sex hormones and helps in muscle building • Steroids may be prescribed for some medical conditions, but using steroids without medical supervision is dangerous.

39. Side Effects of Steroids • Unnatural muscle growth • Weight gain • Acne • High blood pressure • Liver and kidney tumors • Mood swings • Depression and paranoia • Males may experience shrinking testicles, reduced sperm count, baldness, development of breast, and increased risk of prostate cancer • Females can get facial hair, baldness, menstrual cycle changes, and a deepened voice

40. Psychoactive Drugs • Psychoactive drugs: Chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain. • 4 types of psychoactive drugs include; • Stimulants • Depressants • Opiates • Hallucinogens

41. Stimulants • Meth: A white odorless powder that easily dissolves in alcohol or water. • Made in makeshift labs • Short-term feelings of euphoria, but often causes depression, paranoia, and delusions. • Cocaine: A rapidly acting, powerful and highly addictive stimulant • White powder extracted from the coca plant leaves • Experience a surge of self-confidence and euphoria • Regular use can lead to depression, fatigue, paranoia, and physiological dependence.

42. Stimulants • Crack: Even more dangerous form of cocaine, also called rock or freebase rock. • Reaches the brain in seconds after being smoked or injected. • Causes heart rate and blood pressure to soar to dangerous levels • Mixing crack with alcohol and other drugs can be fatal. • Amphetamines • Highly addictive, can be used to stay alert, to improve athletic performance, or to lose weight. • Regular use can result in an irregular heartbeat, paranoia, aggressive behavior, and heart failure.

43. Depressants • Barbiturates: Sedatives that are rarely used for medical purposes. • Can call mood changes, excessive sleepiness, and coma. • Mixed with alcohol can be fatal • GHB: Found as a clear liquid, a white powder, and in a variety of tablets and capsules. • Can be used as a date-rape drug. • Rohypnol (Roofies): Colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

44. Hallucinogens • Examples of Hallucinogens: • LSD (acid), Mushrooms, peyote, PCP. • They overload the sensory controls in the brain causing confusion, intensified sensations, and hallucinations. • Last for several hours or days. • The effects are very unpredictable.

45. Opiates • Abusing opiates dulls the senses, causes drowsiness, slow and shallow breathing, convulsions, coma, death. (depressant) • Codeine is a highly addictive ingredients in some prescription cough medicines.

46. Opiates • Morphine is much stronger then codeine. • Prescribed to treat severe pain • Side effects; irregular heart beat, seizures, hallucinations, blurred vision, rashes, and difficulty swallowing • Oxycodone is a prescribed drug that helps relieve moderate to severe pain. • Heroin: A processed form of morphine that is injected, snorted, or smoked. • White or brownish powder or a black sticky tar are the most common. It is a depressant.

47. Opiates • Heroin slows breathing and pulse rate • Large doses can cause coma or death • Cause infection of heart lining and valves, as well as liver disease • Infectious disease like HIV and hepatitis B from dirty needles.

48. Getting Help • Rehabilitation: The process of medical and psychological treatment for physiological or psychological dependence on a drug or alcohol. • Drug treatment centers offer a safe place to withdraw from drug use. • Drug counselors can help people adjust to life without drugs and alcohol.