1 / 34

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment . The “spirit” of the Renaissance. This helped to create a spirit of creativity and curiosity. Remember the critical method and liberal arts education? People want to look at the world here and now. The “spirit” of the Reformation.

prisca
Download Presentation

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

  2. The “spirit” of the Renaissance • This helped to create a spirit of creativity and curiosity. • Remember the critical method and liberal arts education? • People want to look at the world here and now.

  3. The “spirit” of the Reformation • Reformation made it ok to question old beliefs to find new answers. • Luther challenged the Church on its ways…if you can question religion, you can question the world around you too.

  4. New tools • Telescope- • Microscope- • Barometer- • Thermometer- • How does this help? • Accurate measurements!

  5. The Scientific Method • Use of Math. • Use of Experiments. • Repetition of experiments and observations. • Checking accuracy of each others’ work. • Demanding evidence instead of theory.

  6. The success of the SciRev • Proved old beliefs about world were wrong, made them question more old beliefs. • Geocentric universe out, Heliocentric is in. • Scientific method • Human race can be educated and all people are important • Emergence of the middle class • Belief in God based on reason

  7. Scientific Awakening (Overview)

  8. Ptolemy /GEOCENTRIC THEORY - WRONG! Moon Earth Mercury Motion of Mercury

  9. Copernicus Realized the earth turns on an axis Proposed a solar centered system Book of Revolutions

  10. Copernicus (1473-1543) • Sun-centered universe HELIO- CENTRIC • Challenged circular orbits • Universe of staggering size • Earth no different than any other planet • On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

  11. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • PIONEER IN TELESCOPE USE • SUPPORTED COPERNICUS- HELIOCENTRIC THEORY • CHALLENGED CHURCH • WAS FORCED BY THE CHURCH TO RECANT. • PLACED ON HOUSE ARREST FOR THE REAMINDER OF HIS LIFE. WHY?

  12. “Truth cannot be found in the book of Aristotle but in the book of Nature; and the book of Nature is written in the language of mathematics.” - Galileo Galileo

  13. Galileo’s Contributions Linked science and math with observation Established math as language of science Music and art capabilities Optic developments Founded modern astronomy Secularized science

  14. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Father of the Scientific Method • The Inductive Method • Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge • New attitude toward nature

  15. 1. Some people are like ants: they just build up a store of supplies (information or facts). 2. Some are like spiders: they build a complex system that is beautiful to behold (but it is made from the spider's own internal stuff and not materials from nature. It is not related to the real world.) Some are like honey bees: they take materials from nature and convert it into materials that are useful for humankind (this is the model we should all pursue.) – Bacon Francis Bacon

  16. Sensory perception (empirical knowledge) more reliable in examining the world than pure logic or theology. Manipulation of the world instead of just observation. Principle of cause and effect accepted as inviolate. Theory developed after experiments were interpreted. (Inductive reasoning given precedence over deductive reasoning.) Interpretation of data to be unbiased. Well supported and accepted theories become laws. Bacon’s Truths

  17. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Significance of Doubt • The Deductive Method • Spatial relationships can be expressed in mathematical formulas • Father of “analytical geometry” • “I THINK THEREFORE, I AM”

  18. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • Greatest scientist • Laws of gravitation • Blends inductive and deductive methods • Argues for a universe governed by natural laws • Principia; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)

  19. Age of Enlightenment Literature and Philosophy

  20. The Enlightenment • Application of the scientific method to social problems • Parallel to the scientific revolution • Foundation in “SALONS” located in Paris.

  21. Basic Premises • Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society • Human race can be educated and all people are important • Emergence of the middle class • Belief in God based on reason

  22. Thomas Hobbes • Empiricism "All that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." – Hobbes -Man is evil and governments should be set up to control that evil Grew up during English civil war

  23. Thomas Hobbes • Government "[Early man was] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short... [and in a constant state of] war, [living in] continual fear and danger of violent death.“ – Leviathan • Absolute monarchy sent by God to help mankind • Hobbes' concepts used to justify colonialization

  24. John Locke • Influential in American revolution • NATURAL RIGHTS -LIFE -LIBERTY -PROPERTY

  25. John Locke • Theory of Knowledge • Essay Concerning Human Understanding • Reasoning puts man above animals • NATURE VS. NURTURE ???? • Tabula rasa- BLANK SLATE • Man is good and governments should be set up to support freedom and growth ?

  26. VOLTAIRE • (Francois Marie Arouet) • “The pen is mightier than the sword” • Used satire against his opponents • Targeted clergy, aristocracy, and the government • Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech -humanity’s worst enemies- intolerance, prejudice, and superstition First amendment

  27. “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” • Voltaire

  28. MONTESQUIEU- • Separation of powers • Purpose to keep any group or individual from gaining total control of the government • His ideas about the separation of powers and checks and balances became the basis for the United States Constitution

  29. EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGISLATIVE BRANCH JUDICIAL BRANCH

  30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Social Contract • Unwritten agreement between people and the government. • You agree to follow laws in exchange for security and rights. • As civilizations progress, they move away from morality

  31. “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” • Rousseau

  32. WOLLSTONECRAFT Urged for women’s education to become more useful and virtuous • Wealthy women helped spread Enlightenment ideas through social gatherings called salons

  33. Impact of the Enlightenment • Writers challenged principles as the divine right of monarchs, the union of the church and state, and unequal social classes • Inspired revolutions • American and French revolution • Three long term lasting effects • BELIEF IN PROGRESS- human reason could solve social problems • SECULAR OUTLOOK- worldly outlook; question their religious belief and the teachings of the church • IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL turned away from the church and royalty for guidance; use own ability to reason in order to judge what is right or wrong

  34. The Challenge of New Ideas • New ideas spread rapidly through works like the Encyclopedia and printing press. • Government and the Church had to find a way to restore the Holy order • Censorship restricting access to ideas and information • Many philosophers began to gather in salons to spread new ideas

More Related