Nonrenewable Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Fuels

1. Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources

2. Nonrenewable Energy • Nonrenewable energy resources- fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels.

3. Energy Sources • Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources. • Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy. • Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

4. Thermodynamics • The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work: 1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted. 2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

5. Energy Units and Use • Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF. • cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used. 1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal 1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ 1 cal = 4.184 J www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

6. Energy Units and Use • Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power. 1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W • Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger. • quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 1015 Btu www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

7. Energy Use • Commercial energy sources- those that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas. • Subsistence energy sources- those gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal and animal waste.

8. Changes in U.S. Energy Use www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

9. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

10. Process of Energy Use

11. Overall Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles

12. Electricity Generation

13. Electricity Generation • The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to water, which becomes steam. • The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan. • As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator. • This mechanical motion generates energy.

14. Energy Efficiency • Most coal burning power plants are about 35% efficient.

15. Cogeneration • Cogeneration- using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat. • Example- If steam is used for industrial purposes or to heat buildings it is diverted to turn a turbine first. • This improves the efficiency to as high as 90%.

16. Coal • Coal- a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280-360 million years ago. • Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content. • These four types are: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. • The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India.

17. Coal

19. Ranks of Coal • Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb. • Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb. • Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb. • Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb. www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

20. Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite Main Coal Deposits www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

21. Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

22. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

33. Acid Mine Drainage The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

34. The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls. Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/s06_amd.html

35. Petroleum • Petroleum- a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits. • Oil and gasoline make this ideal for mobile combustion, such as vehicles. • Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50-150 million years ago. • Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico.

36. Petroleum

40. Oil in U.S. • 2.3% of world reserves • uses nearly 30% of world reserves; • 65% for transportation; • increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

41. Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum

42. Natural Gas • Natural gas- exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum. • Contains 80 to 95 percent methane and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane, and butane.

43. Sources of Natural Gas • Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply. • Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%); • 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline). www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

44. billion cubic metres

45. Advantages and Disadvantages Natural Gas

46. Other Fossil Fuels • Oil sands- slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay. • Bitumen (tar or pitch)- a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface, where bacteria metabolize some of the light hydrocarbons and others evaporate.

48. The Hubbert Curve • Hubbert curve- a graph that shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point at which we would run out of oil.

49. The Future of Fossil Fuel Use • If current global use continues, we will run out of conventional oil in less than 40 years. • Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years, and probably much longer.

50. Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming. • Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt